CHAPTER 1: INTRO

Question 1

Pathogenesis

Answer 1

• explains how the disease process evolves
• mechanisms responsible for clinical manifestations of a disease

Question 2

Etiology? categories? (5)

Answer 2

CAUSE of a disease or injury

Congenital conditions: present at birth
Acquired conditions: occur after birth (infectious, neoplastic, metabolic)
Idiopathic: cause can’t be determined
Iatrogenic: caused unintentionally by treatment/procedure
Nosocomial: acquired from hospital

Question 3

Clinical Manifestations: sign vs symptom

Answer 3

symptom: subjective, from person w/ the disorder
- pain, dizzy, nausea

sign: objective, noted by hcp
- fever, rash, heart rate

Question 4

Clinical Manifestations
- disorder
- syndrome
- complications
- sequelae

Answer 4

disorder: disruption of physio or psych function

syndrome: combo signs and symptoms

complications: adv extensions of a disease/outcome from treatment

sequelae: lesions/impairment following/caused by a disease (paralysis from stroke)

Question 5

Diagnosis: steps

Answer 5

1. patient history
2. physical examination
3. diagnostic tests

Question 6

Diagnosis: interpreting tests

Answer 6

reliability: if test repeated, gives same result

validity: measurement tool measures what its supposed to

sensitivity: true positive vs negative

specificity: true negative vs false pos

Question 7

Clinical Course
- acute v. chronic

Answer 7

• evolution of a disease

acute: rapid onset, short duration
chronic: continuous, long term

Question 8

Clinical Course: continuous, exacerbations, remissions

Answer 8

• exacerbations: aggravation of symptoms and severity of disease
• remissions: period of decrease in symptoms and severity

Question 9

spectrum of disease severity

Answer 9

• preclinical: disease not clinically evident, BUT destined to become apparent
• subclinical: not clinical apparent, not destined to become apparent
• clinical: manifested by signs/symptoms
• carrier status: person harbors disease, NOT infected, CAN infect others

Question 10

Epidemiology

Answer 10

measures disease frequency in a population

• HOW a disease is spread
• how to control, prevent, eliminate
• identify cause/risk factors

Question 11

Epidemiology: incidence v. prevalence

Answer 11

incidence: # of new cases
prevalence: # of total EXISTING cases

Question 12

Epidemiology: morbidity v. mortality

Answer 12

morbidity: state of being symptomatic/unhealthy for a disease or condition

mortality: # of deaths caused by disease in population (death rate)

Question 13

Risk Factors: what are they, 2 categories

Answer 13

• genetics, age, gender, environment, lifestyle, social determinants

Modifiable: can be changed (diet, smoking)
Nonmodifiable: cannot be changed (age, race, genetics)

Question 14

Prognosis

Answer 14

probable outcome of recovery from a disease in relation to the TREATMENT options

• determine chance for full recovery, complications, survival time

Question 15

Disease Prevention: Primary

Answer 15

• target healthy individuals
• OUTSIDE healthcare system, at community level

ex: immunizations, folic acid, education abt healthy habits

Question 16

Disease Prevention: Secondary

Answer 16

• detect disease when still curable, asymptomatic
• target healthy ppl w subclinical forms of disease
• CLINICAL settings

ex: physical exams, screening tests, daily medication to prevent heart attacks

Question 17

Disease Prevention: Tertiary

Answer 17

• clinical intervention to prevent further deterioration/Reduce severity of disease
• target clinical and outcome stages

main goal is to LIMIT impairment rather than treatment