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Brain and Behavior > Chapter 2 - Brain Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Brain Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

the brain is plastic

A

nerve tissue can adapt to the world by changing how its functions are organized

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2
Q

neuroplasticity

A

the ability of the nervous system to undergo a physical or chemical change that improves its adaptability to environmental changes and the ability to compensate for damage (learning)

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3
Q

phenotypic plasticity

A

the ability of an individual to develop into more than one phenotype

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4
Q

primary function of the brain

A

produce behavior
- requiring perception
- integration of information
- action

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5
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A
  • consists of the brain and spinal cord
  • underlies complex behavior
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6
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A
  • consists of everything apart from the brain and spinal cord
  • brings sensory information to the CNS and brings motor instructions from the CNS to the muscles in the body
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7
Q

somatic nervous system (SNS)

A
  • a part of the PNS
  • contains all spinal and cranial nerves that transmit sensory information to the CNS from the muscles, joints, and skin
  • transmits outgoing motor instructions that move
  • neurons within the somatic department of the PNS connect through the brain and spinal nerves to the receptors on the surface of the body and muscles
  • under the influence of will
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8
Q

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A
  • a part of the PNS
  • balances internal organs by producing the rest-and-digest response by the parasympathetic (calming) nerves or the fight-or-flight response by the sympathetic (awakening) nerves
  • not under the influence of will
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9
Q

flow of neural information of the CNS

A
  • afferent (incoming) information is sensory and enters the CNS or one of its components
  • efferent (outgoing) information leaves the CNS or one of its components
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10
Q

dorsal (brain-body orientation)

A

structures located at the top of the brain

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11
Q

ventral (brain-body orientation)

A

structures located at the bottom of the brain

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12
Q

anterior (brain-body orientation)

A

structures at the front of the brain

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13
Q

posterior (brain-body orientation)

A

structures at the back of the brain

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14
Q

medial (brain-body orientation)

A

structures located towards the center of the brain

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15
Q

lateral (brain-body orientation)

A

structures located towards the sides of the brain

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16
Q

rostral (spatial orientation)

A

beak

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17
Q

posterior or caudal (spatial orientation)

A

tail

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18
Q

superior or dorsal (spatial orientation)

A

back

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19
Q

inferior or ventral (spatial orientation)

A

belly

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20
Q

coronal section

A

vertical cut, from the crown to the bottom (seen from the front)

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21
Q

horizontal section

A

horizontal cut (seen from above)

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22
Q

sagittal section

A

longitudinal cut from the front to the back (seen from the side)

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23
Q

ipsilateral

A

structures that lie on the same side of the body

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24
Q

contralateral

A

structures that lie on opposide sides

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25
Q

bilateral

A

structures are in both hemispheres

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26
Q

proximal

A

structures close together

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27
Q

distal

A

structures far apart

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28
Q

meninges

A

the first structure (made up of 3 layers) visible when the skull is cut open, protecting the brain
- dura mater
- arachnoid membrane
- pia mater
- leptominges

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29
Q

dura mater

A
  • “hard mother”
  • the outer layer is a strong double layer that provides protection
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30
Q

arachnoid membrane

A
  • “cobweb”
  • the thin middle layer, it is called the cobweb because of its fine threads that are attached
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31
Q

pia mater

A
  • “soft mother”
  • the inner layer that clings to the brain surface and provides protection
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32
Q

leptominges

A
  • “leptos” = thin
  • arachnoid membrane + pia mater
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33
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

flows between the pia mater and the arachnoid membrane
- serves as a cushion for the brain so that it can move or expand slightly without pressing on the skull
- also flows in the spinal cord, which is also wrapped in the meninges
- brings nutrients to the brain and removes waste

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34
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges

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35
Q

encephalitis

A

inflammation of the brain

36
Q

frontal lobe

A

specialized in executive brain functions such as decision making

37
Q

temporal lobe

A

has functions related to hearing, language, musical abilities, and emotional processing

38
Q

parietal lobe

A

specializes in directing our movements towards a goal or performing a task, such as grabbing an object

39
Q

occipital lobe

A

specializes in visual processes

40
Q

gyri and sulci

A

gyri - the bumps of the cerebral cortex
sulci - the grooves on the cerebral cortex

41
Q

fissures

A

deeper grooves of the cerebral cortex

42
Q

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
- stroke

A

when there is a sudden appearance of neurological symptoms because of severely interrupted blood flow in the brain

43
Q

ischemic stroke

A

when a blood vessel is blocked by a clot
- less severe becasue only a localized region is affected

44
Q

haemorrhagic stroke

A

when a blood vessel bursts and blood flows into the brain
- very severe

45
Q

grey matter

A

consists of nerve cell bodies, in which neurons collect and modify information
- on the outside of the brain

46
Q

white matter

A

consists of nerve fibers, which are wrapped in an insulating layer and are responisble for longer-distance connections between neurons
- on the inside of the brain

47
Q

ventricles

A

4 cavities in the brain in which CSF is located

48
Q

corpus callosum

A

connects the 2 hemispheres and ensures communication between the 2 halves

49
Q

main cells

A
  • neurons: perform the highest functions of the brain
  • glial cells: help and regulate the activities of neurons
50
Q

axons

A

fibers connecting neurons
- when they run along each other in a bundle, they form what is called a nerve outside the CNS, or a tract inside the CNS

51
Q

spinal cord

A
  • carries signals to the muscles for movement to occur
  • feeds information to the brain
  • grey matter is on the inside
  • white matter is on the outside
52
Q

brainstem

A
  • starts where the spine enters the skull
  • receives afferent nerves from all of the body’s senses and directs efferent nerves from the brain to the spinal cord to control movements (except fingers/toes)
  • responsible for most unconscious behavior and can be divided into: hindbrain (myelencephalon and metencephalon), midbrain (mesencephalon), and between brain (diencephalon)
53
Q

hindbrain (meyelencephalon and metencephalon)

A
  • controls motor functions from breathing to fine movements such as dancing
  • contains the cerebellum
  • contains the reticular formation, the pons, and the medulla
54
Q

cerebellum

A

controls complex, finely coordinated movements, such as dancing and running

55
Q

reticular formation

A

contains a mixture of neuron cells and nerve fibres
- has to do with the sleep-wake rhythm and arousal

56
Q

the pons

A
  • contains substructures that control many important movements of the body
  • forms a bridge from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain
57
Q

the medulla

A

responsible for vital functions such as breathing and the cardiovascular system

58
Q

metencephalon

A

made up of pons and cerebellum

59
Q

myencephalon

A

the medulla

60
Q

midbrain (mesencephalon)

A

made up of:
- tectum
- tegmentum

61
Q

tectum

A
  • the sensory component
  • lies dorsally/posterior
    made up of:
  • superior colliculus: receives visual information
  • inferior colliculus: receives auditory information
62
Q

function of the colliculi

A

process sensory information and produce orienting movements
- such as turning your head to see where sound is coming from

63
Q

tegmentum

A
  • lies ventrally/anterior
  • consists of many nuclei that often have movement-related functions
64
Q

red nucelus

A

control the movements of the limbs

65
Q

substantia nigra

A

responsible for initiating movement
- connected to the forebrain

66
Q

degeneration of substantia nigra

A

associated with Parkinson’s disease

67
Q

periaqueductal grey matter (PAG)

A

consists of cellular bodies that surround the water pipes of the third and fourth ventricles
- responisble for species-specific behaviors

68
Q

between brain (diencephalon)

A
  • integrates sensory and motor information on its way to the cerebral cortex
  • consists of the thalamus and the hypothalamus
69
Q

thalamus

A
  • a gateway for channelling sensory information to the cerebral cortex from all senses
  • allows you to focus on one conversation in a room full of people
70
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • controls hormone production through its interaction with the pituitary gland
  • important in almost all aspects of behavior, hormone function, sleep, temperature, nutrition, and sexual and emotional behavior
71
Q

forebrain

A
  • cerebral cortex
  • basal ganglia
72
Q

cerebral cortex

A

regulates mental activities such as perception, planning, emotions, and memory

73
Q

allocortex

A
  • plays a role in the control of motivational and emotional states, certain forms of memory
  • includes the structures: hippocampus (involved in memory consolidation), amygdala (linked to emotions, particularly fear), cingulate cortex (important in learning and motivation)
74
Q

neocortex

A
  • constructs a perceptual world and responds to it
75
Q

basal ganglia

A

controls voluntary movements
- consists of the caudate nucleus, the putamen, and the globus pallidus

76
Q

hypoactivity and hyperactivity

A

too little and too much dopamine
- hypoactivity causes Parkinson’s
- hyperactivity causes Tourettes

77
Q

the limbic system

A

a collection of brain structures that regulate emotional and sexual behavior, memory, and motivation
- includes the hippocampus and the amygdala

78
Q

olfactory system

A
  • includes the olfactory bulbs at the front of the brain that are responsible for our sense of smell
79
Q

cranial nerves

A
  • have afferent functions such as sensory input to the brain from the eyes, ears, mouth, and nose
  • can have efferent function such as the motor control of muscles in the face
  • 12 pairs of cranial nerves
80
Q

the 12 cranial nerves and functions

A
81
Q

Bell’s Palsy

A
  • caused by the inflammation of the facial nerve (7th cranial nerve)
  • leads to swelling and compression, resulting in a partial loss of nerve function
82
Q

spinal nerves

A

obtain information from sensory receptors from the rest of the body and the PNS
lie on the left and right sides of the spinal cord (bilateral parts) and are protected by vertebrae, divided into 5 sections from top to bottom:
- cervical
- thoracic
- lumbar
- sacral
- coccygeal

83
Q

dermatome

A

each segment of the body
- has 2 spinal nerves each:
- a sensory (afferent) nerve and a motor (efferent) nerve

84
Q

Bell’s and Magendie’s law

A

the posterior/dorsal spinal cord is sensory, and the anterior/ventral spinal cord is motor
- dorsal root is sensory (afferent), perceives pain, temperature, and touch
- ventral root is motor (efferent), is responsible for muscle movement and reflexes

85
Q

sympathetic division of the ANS

A
  • stimulates the body by activation and arousal (fight or flight)
  • connected to the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord segments
  • ganglia are near the spinal cord with short preganglionic (acetylcholine neurotransmitters) and long postganglionic (norepinephrine neurotransmitters) fibres
86
Q

parasympathetic division of the ANS

A
  • inhibits the body by relaxation and digestion (rest and digest)
  • connected to sacral spinal cord segments, but mostly to 3 cranial nerves (vagus, facial, and oculomotor)
  • ganglia are near target organs with long preganglionic (acetylcholine) and short postganglionic (acetylcholine) fibres

Brain and Behavior (14 decks)

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