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Brain and Behavior > Chapter 13 - Sleep and Dreams > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Sleep and Dreams Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

biorhythms (biological rhythms)

A

are cyclical changes in behavior or bodily functions that work as inherent timing mechanism that control or initiate biological processes. each biorhythm has a period

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2
Q

period

A

time required to complete one cycle

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3
Q

type of biological rhythms

A
  • circannual rhythms
  • infradian rhythms
  • circadian rhythm
  • ultradian rhythms
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4
Q

circannual rhythm

A

have a year cycle. e.g. hibernation

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5
Q

infradian rhythms

A

are longer than a day and shorter than a year. e.g. menstrual cycle

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6
Q

circadian rhythm

A

have daily cycles. e.g. human sleep-wake cycle

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7
Q

ultradian rhythms

A

have cycles that are shorter than a day. e.g. our eating behavior

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8
Q

endogenous rhythms

A

controlled internally, by the body itself. this internal mechanism is called a biological clock

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9
Q

exogenous rhythm

A

are controlled externally, for example, by the sun or seasons. you can know whether a rhythm is exogenous or endogenous by keeping the external conditions constant

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10
Q

free running rhythm

A

is a rhythm of the body’s own devising, in the absence of all external cues

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11
Q

zeitgebers (time givers)

A

environmental events or cues that determine or modify biological rhythms. the effect of zeitgebers on biological rhythms is called entrainment

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12
Q

jet lag

A

occurs because the zeitgeber (light) is not synchronized with the biological clock. we have more trouble adjusting traveling from west to east than from east to west

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13
Q

superchiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

main biological clock structure. a part of the hypothalamus. consists of two parts: a core and a shell. the SCN does not cause any behavior itself. the SCN’s pacemaker cells entrain the slave cells oscillators

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14
Q

pituitary gland

A

this is activated in daylight and stimulates the adrenal glands, which release cortisol. cortisol supports arousal activities in the sympathetic system

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15
Q

2 important oscillators

A
  • pineal gland
  • pituitary gland
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16
Q

pineal gland

A

activated in darkness and releases melatonin, which activates the parasympathetic rest-and-digest system. melatonin plays a role in the circadian sleep-wake cycle in humans, and in circannual cycles in animals

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17
Q

body signals and ways for measuring sleep

A
  • eye movements = electro oculogram (EOG)
  • muscle activity = electromyogram (EMG)
  • brain activity = electroencephalogram (EEG)
18
Q

sleep stages (types of brain waves)

A

based on the analysis of EEG, which measures the amplitude and height of brain waves. based on EEG there are five different brain wave types

19
Q

five states of consciousness based on EEG

A
  • W-Waking
  • N1-NREM stage 1
  • N2-NREM stage 2
  • N3-NREM stage 3
  • R-REM
20
Q

W-Waking

A

a state that goes from alert to wakefulness to relaxation and drowsiness. it includes beta waves (open eyes) and alpha waves (closed eyes)

21
Q

N1-NREM stage 1

A

is the onset of sleep, and it includes theta waves

22
Q

N2-NREM stage 2

A

is a state of theta-wave sleep, in which there are sleep spindles and K-complexes. sleep spindles are bursts of activity associated with explicit learning. K-complexes are related to environmental stimuli

23
Q

N3-NREM stage 3

A

in deep sleep, involving delta waves

24
Q

R-REM

A

a state of sleep in which dreaming occurs, and it involves beta and theta waves, so it resembles the waves of both waking and NREM stage 1.

25
Q

distinction between REM sleep and NREM sleep

A

after NREm stage 3, brain moves into REM sleep. brain waves become faster, EEG frequency increases and EMD shows atonia. atonia is the result of inhibitory signals sent from the brainstem to motor neurons in the spinal cord that command movement. furthermore, EOG shows horizontal rapid eye movement and there may be twitching

26
Q

hypnogram

A

used to graph sleep stages for a night

27
Q

REM-rebound

A

having to catch up on REM sleep after not sleeping or sleeping very little

28
Q

dreaming

A

happens mainly during REM sleep. if you wake people up during REM sleep, 80% tell a vivid dream

29
Q

Freud on dreams

A

stated that they were unconscious wishes

30
Q

activation-synthesis theory

A

states that dream are a by-product of random brain activity

31
Q

coping theory

A

states that dreams are biologically adaptive and make it easier to deal with dangerous situations

32
Q

continuation theory

A

states that the problem-solving activities in which we are occupied during the day continue during sleep in the form of dreams

33
Q

what does sleep accomplish?

A
  • sleep as a biological adaptation process
  • sleep as a recovery process
  • sleep as supportive memory
34
Q

sleep as a biological adaptation process

A

sleep can be considered as biologically adaptive behaviour influenced by the way species are developing to interact with the environment

35
Q

sleep as a recovery process

A

body recovery: e.g. more growth hormone during NREM sleep
brain recovery: waste products are cleaned up

36
Q

sleep as a supportive memory

A

important events that occurred during the day are “played back’ during NREM sleep and stored in long-term memory. in humans, implicit memory is consolidated during REM sleep

37
Q

reticular activating system (RAS)

A

responsible for sleep-waking behavior. inhibition of RAS produces an asleep EEG pattern. stimulation of RAS produces an awake EEG pattern

38
Q

insomnia (NREM sleep disorder)

A

the inability to fall asleep or stay asleep

39
Q

hypersomnia (NREM sleep disorder)

A

difficulty is waking up or staying awake

40
Q

narcolepsy (REM sleep disorder)

A

a condition in which people suddenly fall asleep during unwanted times and places, going directly to REM sleep

41
Q

cataplexy (REM sleep disorder)

A

a sudden loss of muscle tone that occurs during wakefulness. it is triggered by excitement or laughter

42
Q

sleep paralysis (REM sleep disorder)

A

occurs when people wake up while REM sleep is either starting or ending, so that muscles are still completely relaxed

Brain and Behavior (14 decks)

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