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Psychology Midterm > Chapter 2: Biology > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Biology Flashcards

Terms that refer either to specific biological constructs or to things relating to those constructs.

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1
Q

Neurons are ____________ cells of the nervous system which conduct impulses.

A

Specialized.

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2
Q

Neuron messages include: L______, o______ _______, and ________ on the ____.

A

Light, other neurons, and pressure on the skin.

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3
Q

Glial cells r_____ d___ neurons and w____ from the nervous system.

A

Remove, dead, waste.

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4
Q

Myelin is formed by:

A

Glial cells.

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5
Q

What does Myelin insulate neurons from?

A

Ions in surrounding fluid.

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6
Q

What does Myelin help conduct?

A

Electrical current: minimizes leakage.

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7
Q

Infants aren’t ready to engage in complex visual-motor coordination until:

A

The myelination process intensifies.

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8
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Efferent neurons are sensory neurons.

A

FALSE

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9
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Afferent neurons are sensory neurons.

A

TRUE

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10
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Efferent neurons are motor neurons.

A

TRUE

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11
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Afferent neurons are motor neurons.

A

FALSE

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12
Q

Which process is correct?

a. Afferent neurons –> spinal cord and brain –> sensory receptors at surface of skin.
b. Spinal cord and brain –> afferent neurons –> sensory receptors/neurons at surface of skin.
c. Sensory receptors/neurons at surface of skin –> afferent neurons –> spinal cord and brain.

A

C.

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13
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Afferent neurons are relatively short.

A

FALSE (Can be 2-3ft)

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14
Q

Associative neurons are generally as long as:

A

1/1000ths of an inch

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15
Q

Which process is correct?

a. Efferent neurons –> spinal cord and brain –> muscles and glands
b. Spinal cord and brain –> efferent neurons –> muscles and glands.
c. Muscles and glands –> efferent neurons –> spinal cord and brain.

A

B.

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16
Q

N_____ ________ are _______________, and travel between _ - ___ MPH.

A

Neural impulses, electrochemical, 2-225.

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17
Q

A message will travel from toe to brain in:

A

1/50th a second.

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18
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Both neurons and the surrounding fluid contain ions.

A

TRUE

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19
Q

What is common when a neuron is in a resting state? What charge does this create (in relation to outside)?

A

“Cl-,” or negatively charged chlorine.

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20
Q

What effect does the resting state neuron have on firing?

A

The difference in electrical charge in-and-out polarizes a neuron.

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21
Q

Polarizing a neuron means creating a ________ _________ charge in ________ to the body fluid outside the ____ membrane.

A

Internal, negative, relation, cell.

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22
Q

Resting potential is when:

A

A neuron isn’t actively responding to other neurons.

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23
Q

How many millivolts is the resting charge in contrast to the outside?

A

-70

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24
Q

When a neuron is stimulated, the cell membrane becomes permeable to:

A

+Na or positively charged Sodium ions.

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25
Q

Depolarization comes from a p_________ charge.

A

Positive

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26
Q

What does depolarization do to the resting potential?

A

Reduce it from -70 millivolts towards 0.

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27
Q

After depolarization, can more sodium enter?

A

No, at a certain point the permeability changes.

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28
Q

Action potential is an __________ _______ that provides the basis for conduction of neural impulse across axons.

A

Electrical impulse

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29
Q

What affect does action potential have on resting potential?

A

Raises it from -70mv to +30-40mv.

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30
Q

When can sodium ions enter the next section of the cell?

A

After the effects of action potential.

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31
Q

What is being pumped out of the “acted” neuron after the effects of action potential?

A

Positive potassium.

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32
Q

How long does it take some neurons to fire?

A

1/1000th a second.

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33
Q

Neurons may not fire unless they reach the _________

A

Threshold.

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34
Q

Neurons communicate through _________.

A

Synapses.

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35
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The neural impulse conduction across the synaptic cleft is purely electrical.

A

FALSE

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36
Q

The ____ __________ releases chemicals into the synaptic cleft.

A

Axon terminal.

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37
Q

The all-or-none principle refers to:

A

When a neuron fires, it transmits an impulse of the same strength.

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38
Q

________ ________ Is the extremely brief phase following firing in which a neuron is “insensitive” and won’t fire.

A

Refractory period.

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39
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: More sodium enters during the refractory period.

A

FALSE

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40
Q

Neurotransmitters are contained in _______ _______ in the ____ _________.

A

Synaptic vesicles, axon terminals.

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41
Q

Receptor sites are located on the _________ of receiving neurons.

A

Dendrites.

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42
Q

_____ ___________ Play a role in reuptake.

A

Axon terminals.

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43
Q

Neurotransmitters play a role in whether or not neurons will ____.

A

Fire.

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44
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Neurotransmitters are exclusively involved in physical reactions.

A

FALSE.

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45
Q

Acetylcholine controls ______ _____________ and can be prevented from binding through the poison _______.

A

Muscle contraction, curare.

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46
Q

Acetylcholine is excitatory in nerves&muscles of ____________ movement, but ___________ in heart areas.

A

voluntary, inhibitory.

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47
Q

Acetylcholine is common in the h_________

A

Hippocampus.

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48
Q

Alzheimers is related to the depletion of ____________.

A

Acetylcholine.

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49
Q

Dopamine acts primarily in the _______.

A

Brain.

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50
Q

Dopamine is raised by n________, c________, a____________ and a_______.

A

Nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines, and alcohol.

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51
Q

A lack of dopamine can lead to:

A

Parkinsons.

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52
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Dopamine controls voluntary movement and memory.

A

TRUE

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53
Q

Schizophrenia is connected to dopamine because people with schizophrenia ____ more _________ _____ in area of ________ involved with ___________ response.

A

have more receptor sites, brain, emotional.

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54
Q

Norepinephrine is produced by neurons in the ______ _____.

A

Brain stem.

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55
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Norepinephrine is also a hormone.

A

TRUE

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56
Q

Norepinephrine ________ ____ body processes. It’s involved in l________, m_______, general a________, and e_______.

A

Speeds up, learning, memory, arousal, eating.

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57
Q

Defiencies of norepinephrine and acetylcholine impair _________.

A

Memory.

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58
Q

Norepinephrine is boosted by _________ and _____________s, preventing reuptake.

A

Cocaine, amphetamines.

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59
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Serotonin is connected to sleep.

A

TRUE

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60
Q

Serotonin is decreased by _____.

A

LSD.

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61
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: LSD increases the action of dopamine.

A

TRUE

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62
Q

Gamma-aminobutyric Acid is an ____________ neurotransmitter.

A

Inhibitory.

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63
Q

GABA might _________ anxiety.

A

Decrease.

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64
Q

How do alcohol and tranquilizers interact with GABA?

A

Binding with GABA receptors to increase its effects.

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65
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Endorphins are inhibitory.

A

TRUE

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66
Q

“Endorphin” is short for endo_______ m________.

A

Endogenous morphine.

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67
Q

Why are endorphins related to keys?

A

They lock out pain-causing chemicals.

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68
Q

Endorphins play a role in the __________ _________, and create the runner’s ______.

A

immune system, high.

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69
Q

Nerves are a bundle of _____ from many neurons.

A

Axons

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70
Q

The peripheral nervous system is made of _________ and __________ neurons.

A

Afferent and efferent

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71
Q

Afferent neurons r________ and t________ messages to the brain and spinal cord.

A

Receive and transmit

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72
Q

Efferent neurons _________ messages from the _____ and ______ ____ to ________ and _______.

A

Transmit, brain and spinal cord, muscles and glands.

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73
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The peripheral nervous system is like the mouse, internet and keyboard of a computer, as well as the monitor, printers, and modem.

A

TRUE

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74
Q

Messages sent to the somatic nervous system control body ___________, __________ like w______, and s__________, like b_______.

A

movements, purposeful like winking, subconscious like balance.

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75
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The autonomic nervous system is only composed of efferent neurons.

A

FALSE

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76
Q

What two things is the ANS known for regulating? (HINT: I_________ o_____)

A

Glands and muscles of internal organs.

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77
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: ANS activity is purely automatic.

A

FALSE

78
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: ANS includes pupil dilation activity.

A

TRUE

79
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system ________ pupils, _________ bladder, _________ salivation, digestion, and the gall bladder, ________ bronchi (breath ____ rapid), _____ heartbeat, __________ erection or lubrication.

A

Constricts pupils, contracts bladder, stimulates salivation and the gall bladder, constricts bronchi (less rapid), slows heartbeat, stimulates erection or lubrication.

80
Q

The sympathetic nervous system _______ pupils, ________ bladder, __________ salivation and digestion, _________ glucose, _________ bronchi (breath ____ rapid), ____________ heartbeat, _________ ejaculation

A

Dilates pupils, relaxes bladder, inhibits salivation and digestion, releases glucose, relaxes bronchi (more rapid), accelerates heartbeat, stimulates ejaculation.

81
Q

The parasympathetic division is associated with the ____________ of energy.

A

Regeneration

82
Q

The sympathetic division is associated with the ___ of energy.

A

Use.

83
Q

The _______ _____ is an information highway.

A

Spinal cord.

84
Q

The spinal cord is a bundle of _______ as thick as a _______.

A

Nerves, thumb.

85
Q

A spinal reflex requires only 2 neurons: a _________ and a ________ neuron.

A

A sensory and motor neuron.

86
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Spinal reflexes are unlearned.

A

TRUE.

87
Q

In spinal reflexes, a third neuron is sometimes needed to transmit from the _______ neuron to the ______ neuron. What’s its term?

A

Sensory, motor, intermediate.

88
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Both the brain and the spinal cord are composed of both grey and white matter.

A

TRUE

89
Q

Grey matter is involved in s_______ ______ and _____ in the _______.

A

Spinal reflexes, axons, brain.

90
Q

Which nervous system allows for language, symbols, naming?
a. CNS
b. Peripheral Nervous System
c. ANS
b. SNS

A

a.

91
Q

Scientists generally agree that the _____ is a function of the _________. (Brain/mind)

A
  1. Mind, 2. Brain
92
Q

Damage to the hypothalamus can cause e_______ __________.

A

Eating disorders

93
Q

This method of brain detection measures current between electrodes on the scalp.

A

EEG

94
Q

This method of brain imaging passes a narrow Xray to measure the structures that reflect the beam for CGI.

A

CAT/CT

95
Q

This method injects radioactive tracers into the bloodstream to access brain activity thru metabolized glucose.

A

PET

96
Q

This method uses radiowaves to make brain emit signals relating to shifts in bloodflow, which indicates brain activity.I

A

MRI

97
Q

What makes functional MRIs different?

A

It allows scientists to observe brain activity during normal activity.

98
Q

Which of these is the “executive center”?
a. The whole frontal lobe
b. The prefrontal cortex.

A

b.

99
Q

Where do you decide to keep things in working memory?

A

In the prefrontal cortex.

100
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The hindbrain contains the cerebellum.

A

TRUE

101
Q

The medulla is located in the h________.

A

Hindbrain.

102
Q

The cerebellum is involved in b_______ and muscle c_____________.

A

Balance, muscle coordination.

103
Q

The medulla is involved in regulation of h________, b______ p________, mo_______, and r__________.

A

Heartbeat, blood pressure, movement, respiration.

104
Q

The pons is involved in r_________, s_____, a______, and a____________.

A

Respiration, sleep, arousal, and attention.

105
Q

The reticular formation is involved in s_____, a_________ and a_________.

A

sleep, attention, and arousal.

106
Q

The thalamus is located near the _______ of the brain but is considered part of the ____________.

A

Center, forebrain.

107
Q

The thalamus r_____ sensory information to the c_____. It is involved in functions of s____ and a________.

A

Relays, cortex, sleep, attention.

108
Q

Depressants _________ activity of the reticular formation.

A

Lower

109
Q

What shape is the thalamus?

A

Two egg-like structures.

110
Q

The hypothalamus = a bundle of ________ involved in b___ __________, m_________, and e________.

A

Nuclei, body temperature, motivation, emotion.

111
Q

The __________ relays information from the eyes to the visual areas of the cerebral cortex.

A

Thalamus

112
Q

The hypothalamus is also involved in a_______ instincts, h_______ and t________, s_______ behavior, a_________ behavior, and p________ instincts.

A

hunger, thirst, sexual, aggressive, parental.

113
Q

The ___________ was dubbed the “pleasure center.”

A

Hypothalamus.

114
Q

The ______ system forms a fringe along the ______ edge of the _________.

A

Limbic, inner, cerebrum.

115
Q

The limbic system contains the h_________, a_______, and parts of the h____________.

A

Hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus.

116
Q

The limbic system involves ___________, ______, and ___ drive, as well as m______ and e________.

A

Aggression, hunger, and sex drive, as well as memory and emotion.

117
Q

The _______ is at the bottom of the limbic system and is shaped like 2 almonds.

A

Amygdala.

118
Q

Only in humans does the _________ make up such a large portion of the brain.

A

Cerebrum.

119
Q

The _________ is the large mass of the forebrain.

A

Cerebrum.

120
Q

The cerebrum’s surface is called the c________ c_______.

A

Cerebral cortex.

121
Q

The cerebral cortex is involved in:

A

Nearly every bodily activity.

122
Q

What has two hemispheres and is walnut-shaped?

A

Cerebrum.

123
Q

How many nerve fibers are in the corpus callosum?

A

200 million.

124
Q

The parietal lobe lies behind the _______ ______

A

Central Fissure

125
Q

The temporal lobe lies below the _______ ______

A

Lateral Fissure

126
Q

The occipital lobe lies behind the _________ lobe and behind+below the ________ lobe.

A

Temporal, parietal.

127
Q

When light hits the eye, neurons in the _________ lobe fire to make us “see.”

A

Occipital.

128
Q

The ____________ _______ lies behind the central fissure in the _________ lobe.

A

Somatosensory cortex, parietal.

129
Q

The ________ ______ lies in the ________ lobe, just across the central fissure from the __________ ________.

A

Motor cortex, frontal, somatosensory.

130
Q

The somatosensory and motor cortex are particularly adept with the ____ and our _____.

A

Face, hands.

131
Q

Areas of the cerebral cortex not primarily involved in sensory or motor function are called ____________ areas.

A

Association

132
Q

The association areas in the prefrontal cortex are the brain’s __________ ______

A

Executive center.

133
Q

Association areas provide the core of your _______ m_______.

A

Working memory.

134
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Association areas are connected with various sensory areas in the brain.

A

TRUE

135
Q

Some neurons fire for vertical lines, others horizontal, others diagonal. What puts this info together?

A

Association areas

136
Q

The left and right hemispheres d________ each others functions in some ways.

A

Duplicate.

137
Q

The left hemisphere contains __________ functions for nearly all right-handed people and 2/3 left-handed people.

A

Language

138
Q

The brain is changeable until the age of __, allowing for the transfer of function across hemispheres.

A

13.

139
Q

2nd language learning is strongest at the age of _ as the brain loses plasticity.

A

6.

140
Q

Damage to either Broca or Wernicke’s area can cause ________.

A

Aphasia.

141
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia impairs ability to ___________ speech and think of the _______ ____s.

A

Comprehend, right words.

142
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: It is Broca’s aphasia, not Wernicke’s aphasia, where people usually speak freely and with proper syntax.

A

FALSE

143
Q

Broca’s aphasia ___________ language but sometimes omit _____________ important words.

A

Understand, grammatically.

144
Q

The _________ _____ lies between the visual cortex and Wernicke’s area.

A

Angular gyrus.

145
Q

The _________ ______ translates visual to audio. Damage impairs _________ ability.

A

Angular gyrus, reading.

146
Q

In right-handed individuals, the left hemisphere is more _________ in logical analysis, language, and problem-solving.

A

involved.

147
Q

The right hemisphere is usually superior in _______-______ functions, ______ discrimination, f______ recognition, and c_________.

A

Visual-spatial, color, facial, creativity.

148
Q

The functions of the hemispheres ________ to some degree.

A

Overlap.

149
Q

Left-handed people have a slightly higher probability of m______, increased b____ p______, and l_______ problems.

A

migraines, blood pressure, language.

150
Q

Left-handed people are more likely to be gifted a______, m________, and m___________.

A

Artists, musicians, mathematicians.

151
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Handedness may have a genetic component.

A

TRUE

152
Q

What are the two types of glands?

A

Ducted and ductless.

153
Q

Mutation is a _______ variation in a(n) ____________ characteristic.

A

Sudden, inheritable.

154
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Mutation is not a variation resulting from generations of gradual selection.

A

TRUE

155
Q

Genetics is the subfield of biology that studies _________.

A

Heredity.

156
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Blood type is controlled by a single pair of genes, derived from each parent.

A

TRUE

157
Q

What is an approximation of the number of genes in your cells?

A

20,000-25,000

158
Q

Chromosomes are large complex molecules of ___.

A

DNA.

159
Q

A single gene can contain ________ of ________ of ____ _____.

A

Hundreds of thousands of base pairs.

160
Q

Complex traits like aggression and sociability are thought to be ___________, influenced by combinations of genes.

A

Polygenic

161
Q

Your __________ is your full genetic potential/makeup.

A

Genotype

162
Q
A
163
Q

Environmental factors such as l_______ ___________, __________ i__________, n__________, e_________ determine phenotype.

A

Learning opportunities, cultural influences, nutrition, exercise.

164
Q

A____________ and i_______ can determine phenotype as well.

A

Accident and illness.

165
Q

People with down syndrome have an extra chromosome on pair __.

A

21.

166
Q

First cousins share __._% of their genes.

A

12.5%

167
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Dizygotic twins share 100% of their genes.

A

FALSE

168
Q

Adrenal glands are located above the ________s and have a c______ and m________.

A

Kidneys, cortex, medulla.

169
Q

Adrenal glands are regulated by the p_________ hormone ______________.

A

Pituary adrenocorticotrophic.

170
Q

Which of these is most responsible for releasing the hormone melatonin?
a. Pituary gland
b. Adrenal gland
c. Pineal gland.
d. Thyroid gland.

A

c.

171
Q

The thyroid gland controls m_____________ through __________.

A

metabolism, thyroxin

172
Q

What lobes of the pituary glands regulate the functioning of other glands?

A

The anterior and posterior lobes.

173
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Ducted glands are the ones to release hormones, not ductless glands.

A

FALSE

174
Q

Ducted glands act as _____ for substances like milk and saliva.

A

Paths

175
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The endocrine system is made of ducted glands.

A

FALSE

176
Q

The pituary gland is responsible for g_____ hormone, a___________ hormone, and __________.

A

growth, antidiuretic, prolactin.

177
Q

What is most hormonal action for?

A

Maintaining steady states (fluids, blood sugar, etc)

178
Q

What part of the brain is the pituary gland especially relevant to? It’s also below this part of the brain.

A

The hypothalamus.

179
Q

A negative feedback loop: The maintenance of ______ states requires feedback of _______ info to _______.

A

Steady, bodily, glands.

180
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The adrenal gland is responsible for releasing corticosteroids.

A

TRUE

181
Q

Corticosteroids regulate h_________, s______, m______ development, and release of s____ from liver.

A

heartbeat, stress, muscle, sugars

182
Q

The adrenal medulla releases e___________ and n___________ at the command of the ____________ nervous system.

A

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, sympathetic.

183
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: norepinephrine is also known as adrenaline, not epinephrine.

A

FALSE

184
Q

The adrenal glands also release some t___________.

A

Testosterone.

185
Q

Secondary sex characteristics make the sexes __________ but are ___ _________ with reproduction.

A

Distinct, not connected

186
Q

Ovaries produce e__________, p___________, and some t____________.

A

Estrogen, progesterone, testosterone.

187
Q

“Factors” are __________ that stimulate the pituary gland to secrete _________ _________.

A

hormones, related hormones.

188
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for factors?

A

The hypothalamus.

189
Q

What pair of chromosomes are sex chromosomes?

A

23

190
Q

How closely related are you to a second cousin?

A

6.25%

Psychology Midterm (5 decks)

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