Chapter 1: General Terms

Question 1

Introspection is the deliberate examination of one’s c___________ p________ to examine t________ and e_________

Answer 1

Cognitive processes, thoughts, emotions

Question 2

Reinforcement is a s________ that follows a r________ to increase its frequency

Answer 2

Stimulus, response.

Question 3

Reinforcement was thought of by

Answer 3

B. F. Skinner

Question 4

The biological perspective seeks relationships between 1. h_________, the b______, h________, and e_________, and 2. behavior and mental processes.

Answer 4

Heredity, brain, hormones, evolution.

Question 5

Psychologists assume that thoughts, fantasies, and dreams (and inborn behavior) are made possible by the:

Answer 5

Nervous system, especially the brain.

Question 6

To determine specific behavior and mental processes, e_________ factors interact with i_______ factors.

Answer 6

Environment, inherited.

Question 7

To understand behavior + mental processes, biological psychologists dip into e________ psychology

Answer 7

Evolutionary

Question 8

Aside from personal choice, cultural and social factors, evolutionary biologists believe that much of human social behavior (aggression) has a

Answer 8

Hereditary basis.

Question 9

Cognitive psychologists believe m______ _________ and m______ r___________ of the ___________ explain much of the mind.

Answer 9

mental processes, mental representations, environment

Question 10

Cognitive psychologists account for how we l_______, r__________ p_____, p_______, f_________, s______ _________, ____ j__________, make d________, use l________.

Answer 10

Learn, remember past present future, solve problems, form judgements, make decisions, and use language.

Question 11

Human-existential psychologists is c_________ in “flavor,” but emphasizes the role of s_________ e______________

Answer 11

cognitive, subjective experience.

Question 12

Humanism stresses human capacity for s___-f__________ and the central role of _____________, s___-_______, and d_________-______

Answer 12

Self-fulfillment, consciousness, self-awareness, decision-making.

Question 13

_____________ is the belief in self-awareness, e_____________, and ______ in “inventing ourselves.”

Answer 13

Humanism, experience, choice.

Question 14

___________ is the belief that people are free to choose, and as responsible for ethical conduct.

Answer 14

Existentialism.

Question 15

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow founded

Answer 15

The human-existential perspective.

Question 16

Psychodynamic theory dominated the practice of _____________, and was influential in both scientific psychology and the ____ in the 40s-50s.

Answer 16

Psychotherapy, the arts.

Question 17

TRUE OR FALSE: Freud still dominates psychotherapy.

Answer 17

FALSE

Question 18

Those who follow Freud today call themselves

Answer 18

Neoanalysts.

Question 19

Social Cognitive Theorists suggest that people can ___________ and _______ their environments, giving c_________ a key role.

Answer 19

Modify, create. Cognition.

Question 20

TRUE OR FALSE: All psychologists agree that consciousness plays a large role in learning.

Answer 20

FALSE

Question 21

Contemporary behaviorists believe in _____________ ________ and the l_______ of ______ through re_________ and rei___________

Answer 21

Environmental influences, learning of habits, repetition, reinforcement.

Question 22

Sociocultural psychologists highlight the ways in which people differ & how that effects psychology: e________, g_____, c______, s____ec_______ status.

Answer 22

Ethnicity, gender, culture, socioeconomic.

Question 23

This group is defined by cultural heritage, race, language, and/or history.

Answer 23

Ethnic group.

Question 24

Researcher couple M____ P_____ and K______ C____ discovered that young African American children had been primed to prefer white dolls, helping overturn segregation.

Answer 24

Mamie Phipps Clark and Kenneth Clark

Question 25

Gender is the __________ defined concept of masculinity and femininity, which involves s_______ roles and c_________ e_________________

Answer 25

Culturally, social, cultural expectations.

Question 26

TRUE OR FALSE: More men receive doctorates than women.

Answer 26

FALSE