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Marine Ecology > Chapter 2 | Biological Interactions > Flashcards

Chapter 2 | Biological Interactions Flashcards

1
Q

A Greek word where ecology is derived from

A

“oikos”

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2
Q

Deals with the interactions of organisms with each other and with their environment and how these interactions affect its reproduction and survival.

A

Science of Ecology

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3
Q

It determines the structure of the biosphere

A

Basic principles of life

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4
Q

3 Basic principles of Life

A

•cycling of nutrients
•survival and reproduction
•process of evolution

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5
Q

It determines which organisms will live in a particular region

A

Nature of the physical environment

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6
Q

Living organisms expend _________ to survive and reproduce.

A

Energy

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7
Q

It consist all external factors

A

Organism’s environment

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8
Q

These are physical factors such as: temperature, pH, amount of sunlight, ocean currents, wave action, type and size of sediment particles

A

Abiotic factors

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9
Q

These factors are living organisms and their interaction with each other.

A

Biotic factors

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10
Q

Specific place in the environment where an organism is found

A

Habitat

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11
Q

Are primarily characterized by their abiotic features, the physical and chemical characteristics of the environment

A

Marine habitats

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12
Q

Smaller subdivision of habitat

A

Microhabitats

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13
Q

the more complex the habitat, the more ____________ ___ _______________.

A

microhabitats it contains

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14
Q

Example that contain thousand of microhabitats

A

Coral reefs

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15
Q

It is the internal balancing of factors that occurs in the face of changes in the external environment.

A

Homeostasis

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16
Q

is vital to life of all organism

A

Maintaining homeostasis

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17
Q

An organism’s response to environmental change can involve changes in its ___________ and __________.

A

Physiology and Behavior

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18
Q

What will happen if ever an animals were forced to occupy habitats that have a less than optimal range of environmental factors?

A

They may fail to reproduce or even die.

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19
Q

In what kind of factors (range) does an organism be able to thrive and reproduce?

A

If the factors are within/remain on its Optimal range

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20
Q

What will happen when one or more of the environmental factors is outside the optimal range?

A

An organism’s chances of survival are decreased

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21
Q

Optimal Range
Stress Zone
Zone of Intolerance

A

1
2
3

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22
Q

This is the region above or below the optimal range of an environmental variable

A

Zone of stress

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23
Q

Beyond the stress zone

A

Zone of Intolerance

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24
Q

environmental variable is so far from the optimal range that the organism cannot survive

A

Zone of Intolerance

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25
Q

It includes such factors as sunlight, temperature, salinity, pressure, nutrients, and waste.

A

Marine organism’s Physical environment

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26
Q

Largest group of photosynthetic organisms in Marine environment

A

Phytoplankton

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27
Q

Primary sources of nutrients and energy for marine animals

A

Phytoplankton together with seaweeds and plants

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28
Q

Mostly microscopic, plantlike organisms and bacteria that float in ocean currents

A

Phytoplankton

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29
Q

Why does the phytoplankton can only survive in shallowest areas in cloudy coastal waters and estuaries?

A

Because sunlight penetrates to a depth of less than 1 meter

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30
Q

it also necessary for vision

A

Sunlight

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31
Q

Many animals rely on vision for capturing pret, avoiding predators and for communication

A

Sunlight

32
Q

Majority of the marine animals are?

A

Ectotherms

33
Q

they obtain most of their body heat from their surroundings

A

Ectotherms

34
Q

They become sluggish when the temperature drops and more active when temperatures rises.

A

Ectotherms

35
Q

Marine mammals and birds are ___________.

A

Endotherms

36
Q

Can maintain a constant body temperature because it’s metabolism can generate sufficient heat internally

A

Endotherms

37
Q

Measure of the concentration of dissolved inorganic salts in the water

A

Salinity

38
Q

Substances that are dissolved in water

A

Solutes

39
Q

To keep their cells alive, all organisms must maintain balance of ________ and __________.

A

water and solutes

40
Q

A process which is vital to the life of a cell

A

Osmosis

41
Q

What will happen if a cell loses too much water?

A

It will become dehydrated or die

42
Q

An example of a marine animals that cannot regulate the salt concentration of their body

A

Spider crab (Macrocheira)

43
Q

Pressure at sea level

A

760 mm Hg or 1 atmosphere

44
Q

It is so much denser than air

A

Water

45
Q

What allows some animals to thrive and survive in great depths?

A

They possessed specialized adaptations

46
Q

Availability of nutrients strongly influences the distribution of organisms in the marine environment

A

Metabolic requirements

47
Q

A particularly important requirement for metabolism

A

Oxygen

48
Q

By-product of photosynthesis

A

Oxygen

49
Q

It is where the ability of water to dissolve oxygen depends on

A

Salinity and temperature

50
Q

A water in the open sea that contains more oxygen

A

Cooler and less-salty water

51
Q

This greatly increase the nutrient levels in some coastal waters

A

Water runoff from land

52
Q

A process of nutrient enrichment

A

Eutrophication

53
Q

It leads to population explosions of certain types of photosynthetic planktons

A

Eutrophication

54
Q

An event of population explosions of certain types of photosynthetic planktons

A

Algal bloom

55
Q

What process that robs the water of oxygen?

A

Decomposition

56
Q

All organisms when they metabolized produces?

A

Waste products

57
Q

This are being releases as a product of respiration

A

Carbon dioxide

58
Q

If the plant releases oxygen when they photosynthesize, what does the animals excrete as a waste products?

A

Nitrogen -rich waste products

59
Q

A group of the same species that occupies a specified area.

A

Population

60
Q

They interact with each other and are able to breed with each other

A

Members of population

61
Q

They rely on the same sources and are influenced by the same environmental factors

A

Members of Population

62
Q

Every population has _________ boundaries.

A

Geographical

63
Q

A technique used by biologist to estimate a population’s size

A
64
Q

Another method to get an idea of the population size like looking for burrows or the tell-tale trails

A

Look for evidence of an organism’s presence

65
Q

A procedure where animals are captured and then tagged or marked before being released again.

A

mark-recapture-method

66
Q

One common sampling method

A

counting the number of individuals in a representative area or plot within the range

67
Q

it is the number of individuals per unit area or volume

A

Population density

68
Q

refers to the pattern of spacing among individuals within the range

A

Dispersion

69
Q

How does a population change in size?

A

Population changes by individuals may add through reproduction and immigration, or individuals may be eliminated through death and emigration

70
Q

Typically what kind of individuals are more likely to die?

A

Very young and old individuals

71
Q

They have youthful strength and the survival skills that come with maturity

A

Individuals of Intermediate age

72
Q

Another important factor affecting population growth which is the average time between an individual’s birth and the birth of its offspring

A

Generation time

73
Q

3 things that affect the population growth

A

•Generation time
•Sex ratio
•Survivorship

74
Q

It refers to how long, on average, an individual of a given age could be expected to live.

A

Survivorship

75
Q

Composed of populations of different species that occupy one habitat at the same time

A

Community

76
Q

An organism’s environmental roles

A

Niche

Marine Ecology (8 decks)

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