Chapter 2 Biochemistry

Question 0

Dehydration synthesis and Hydrolysis

Answer 0

Dehydration synthesis is taking out a water molecule to combine and make building blocks like chains

Hydrolysis is the cutting of two molecules with adding a water molecule.

Question 1

Carbohydrates

Answer 1

Energy for prokaryotes eukaryotes
Metabolism
Acts as building blocks
C6H12O6

Question 2

What does glucose? The use of it?

Answer 2

Glucose is a sugar molecule in plants and animals.

In plants glucose is found as cellulose for structural purposes and as starch for energy.

In animals it is stored in the liver as glycogen.

Question 3

Lipids

Answer 3

There are five types of lipids fats, oils, phospholipids, waxes and steroids.

Question 4

What are fats and stored for what purpose.

Answer 4

Fats functions are for animal insulation and serve for a long term energy storage

Oils are long term storage in plants and thier seeds

Steroids, components of plasma membrane (cholesterol) and sex hormones

Waxes serve as protection and prevent water loss.

Question 5

Tell the difference between a saturated fat and an unsaturated fat

Answer 5

Saturated fat have no double bonds with hydrocarbons and are usually straight

Unsaturated fat have double bonds with carbons, and are usually with kinks

Question 6

What is a Formation of a fat?

Answer 6

A formation of a fat is a glycerol with 3 fatty acids, if it undergoes dehydration synthesis (removement of water molecule) it becomes a fat molecule. If hydrolysis occurs it becomes glycerol and 3fatty acids

Question 7

What is the phospholipid belayer

Answer 7

This acts as a plasma membrane for cells, where the heads are hydrophilic and the tails are fatty acids which are hydrophobic.

Question 8

What are waxes

Answer 8

Waxes are a highly saturated fat. It allows afford a strong rigid protection, just like a honeycomb for bees. It is also used to prevent water loss for plants by covering the leaves.

Question 9

What are proteins ?

Answer 9

They are composed of 20 different amino acids. Two amino acids combined will make a peptide bond with removal of water. And so on. 50 percent of the proteins can act as structural or become enzymes which can break things apart or combining depending on their function. Enzymes usually end in -ase

Question 10

What are nucleic acids?

Answer 10

Nucleic acids compose DNA or RNA,

Question 11

DNA is composed of ?

Answer 11

DNA is composed of a sugar, bases, strands and a helix. Sugar is deoxyribose with the bases of adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine. It has a double stranded helix structure.

Question 12

RNA

Answer 12

RNA has a sugar called Ribose, with the bases adenine guanine cytosine and uracil. It has a single strand with no helix structure.

Question 13

Nucleic acids are made up of 3 parts….

Answer 13

1. ) with a pentose sugar
2. ) a base with nitrogen atoms
3. ) and phosphate group.

Question 14

Hydrogen Bonds

Answer 14

Hydrogen bonds form when the partial negative oxygen form with the partial positive of hydrogens.

Question 15

NaCl is salt what happens when poured into water

Answer 15

Since Na is positively charged the partial negative charge of oxygen will form a hydration sphere around sodium. Cl is negatively charged so the partial positive of hydrogens will form a sphere around it as well. This makes the solute dissolve.

Question 16

Lowering the temperature will do what to water

Answer 16

The bonds will freeze together creating ice, if you add energy with higher temperature you will create gas. If you remove energy from water then it will freeze, in hexagon shape. This has less water molecules. During liquid water, hydrogen bonds break and reform., with more water molecules.

Question 17

Carbohydrates lecture listening

Answer 17

Use it for metabolism, to break down into glucose. So cells can extract energy. We use it as a building block to build cell walls- which are made out of glucose. Peptidoglycan are for bacterial cell wall.

• stored it as glycogen in muscles or liver, plants store it as starch.
• C6H12O6

Question 18

Monosaccharide plus Monosaccharide comes what for example

Glucose plus fructose is what

Answer 18

Monosaccharide plus monosaccharide becomes a disaccharide…

Glucose and fructose come together to form the disaccharide sucrose

Question 19

Hydroxyl group

Answer 19

-OH

Question 20

For linking monosaccharides what is the process?

Answer 20

Taking out a hydroxyl group of one glucose and and a hydrogen out of another glucose is called dehydration synthesis. Which links two molecules together. Adding water is hydrolysis to break apart into two molecules.

Question 21

Glucose is found in?

Answer 21

Glycogen for animals, cell wall in plants which is cellulose. Polysaccharides with many glucose molecules. Whenever we are low in sugar our liver will covert glycogen into glucose to increase sugar.

Question 22

Lipids are another macromolecule

Answer 22

Fats oils lipids phospholipids, steroids and waxes

Question 23

Triglycerides what are they, what’s their function

Answer 23

Glycerol have three carbons plus With three fatty acids with carbons and hydrogen will turn into a triglyceride. Triglycerides re important for phospholipid bilayer

Question 24

Difference between saturated and unsaturated

Answer 24

Saturated has no double bond and are linear. Saturated with hydrogens.
Unsaturated has double bond and it’s shape has a kink in the molecule

Question 25

Proteins

Answer 25

Are made out of twenty different amino acids have the same core structure but to tell difference between them is the R group.

• have two functional groups which are amine and carboxyl group
• the sequence of amino acids determine the protein.

Question 26

Talked about four functional groups why are they important.

Answer 26

Hydroxyl amine, carboxyl, and phosphate group these are important because they interact and it’s the place where to link molecules.

Question 27

Amino acid with another amino acid and another amino acid

Answer 27

Dehydration synthesis will occur then peptide bond occurs. When you add amino acids combine it makes a protein.

Question 28

Of all macromolecules which are abundant

Answer 28

Of all macromolecules proteins are the abundant about 50 percent are macromolecules. It serves as transport, enzymes or structural and receptors. Enzymes are proteins that end in -ase.

Question 29

Nucleic acids

Answer 29

Some examples of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA

Question 30

The difference between DNA and RNA

Answer 30

One is double stranded while the other is single stranded. The four nucleotides for RNA are a,g,c,u while DNA are a,c,g,t sugar is different deoxyribose which lacks oxygen and ribose which has oxygen.

Question 31

Nucleotides are

Answer 31

Agct, agcu