Chapter 2 Biochemistry Flashcards
Dehydration synthesis and Hydrolysis
Dehydration synthesis is taking out a water molecule to combine and make building blocks like chains
Hydrolysis is the cutting of two molecules with adding a water molecule.
Carbohydrates
Energy for prokaryotes eukaryotes
Metabolism
Acts as building blocks
C6H12O6
What does glucose? The use of it?
Glucose is a sugar molecule in plants and animals.
In plants glucose is found as cellulose for structural purposes and as starch for energy.
In animals it is stored in the liver as glycogen.
Lipids
There are five types of lipids fats, oils, phospholipids, waxes and steroids.
What are fats and stored for what purpose.
Fats functions are for animal insulation and serve for a long term energy storage
Oils are long term storage in plants and thier seeds
Steroids, components of plasma membrane (cholesterol) and sex hormones
Waxes serve as protection and prevent water loss.
Tell the difference between a saturated fat and an unsaturated fat
Saturated fat have no double bonds with hydrocarbons and are usually straight
Unsaturated fat have double bonds with carbons, and are usually with kinks
What is a Formation of a fat?
A formation of a fat is a glycerol with 3 fatty acids, if it undergoes dehydration synthesis (removement of water molecule) it becomes a fat molecule. If hydrolysis occurs it becomes glycerol and 3fatty acids
What is the phospholipid belayer
This acts as a plasma membrane for cells, where the heads are hydrophilic and the tails are fatty acids which are hydrophobic.
What are waxes
Waxes are a highly saturated fat. It allows afford a strong rigid protection, just like a honeycomb for bees. It is also used to prevent water loss for plants by covering the leaves.
What are proteins ?
They are composed of 20 different amino acids. Two amino acids combined will make a peptide bond with removal of water. And so on. 50 percent of the proteins can act as structural or become enzymes which can break things apart or combining depending on their function. Enzymes usually end in -ase
What are nucleic acids?
Nucleic acids compose DNA or RNA,
DNA is composed of ?
DNA is composed of a sugar, bases, strands and a helix. Sugar is deoxyribose with the bases of adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine. It has a double stranded helix structure.
RNA
RNA has a sugar called Ribose, with the bases adenine guanine cytosine and uracil. It has a single strand with no helix structure.
Nucleic acids are made up of 3 parts….
- ) with a pentose sugar
- ) a base with nitrogen atoms
- ) and phosphate group.
Hydrogen Bonds
Hydrogen bonds form when the partial negative oxygen form with the partial positive of hydrogens.
NaCl is salt what happens when poured into water
Since Na is positively charged the partial negative charge of oxygen will form a hydration sphere around sodium. Cl is negatively charged so the partial positive of hydrogens will form a sphere around it as well. This makes the solute dissolve.
Lowering the temperature will do what to water
The bonds will freeze together creating ice, if you add energy with higher temperature you will create gas. If you remove energy from water then it will freeze, in hexagon shape. This has less water molecules. During liquid water, hydrogen bonds break and reform., with more water molecules.
Carbohydrates lecture listening
Use it for metabolism, to break down into glucose. So cells can extract energy. We use it as a building block to build cell walls- which are made out of glucose. Peptidoglycan are for bacterial cell wall.
- stored it as glycogen in muscles or liver, plants store it as starch.
- C6H12O6
Monosaccharide plus Monosaccharide comes what for example
Glucose plus fructose is what
Monosaccharide plus monosaccharide becomes a disaccharide…
Glucose and fructose come together to form the disaccharide sucrose
Hydroxyl group
-OH
For linking monosaccharides what is the process?
Taking out a hydroxyl group of one glucose and and a hydrogen out of another glucose is called dehydration synthesis. Which links two molecules together. Adding water is hydrolysis to break apart into two molecules.
Glucose is found in?
Glycogen for animals, cell wall in plants which is cellulose. Polysaccharides with many glucose molecules. Whenever we are low in sugar our liver will covert glycogen into glucose to increase sugar.
Lipids are another macromolecule
Fats oils lipids phospholipids, steroids and waxes
Triglycerides what are they, what’s their function
Glycerol have three carbons plus With three fatty acids with carbons and hydrogen will turn into a triglyceride. Triglycerides re important for phospholipid bilayer
