Chapter 1 History/Rules Of Micro Flashcards
Give the three rules of Nomenclature.
The three rules of Nomenclature that was discussed in class was 1.) how scientific names are latinized because it was used by scholars. 2.) Each organism possess two names, the Genus is the first name and is always capitalized. Then the specific epithet follows lower cased along with being italicized or underlined. 3.) after an organism has been named it can be abbreviated with the first letter of the genus and with whole specific epithet.
What are the three domains in Microbiology
The three domains of microbiology are bacteria, archea and eukarya
Give an example of each, viruses, bacteria, fungi or yeast, protozooans and helminths.
An example of Viruses include are not living organisms, they are host cels. HIV, Hepititis A, B, C, Influenza, Chicken Pox, Herpes and Ebola
Bacteria-StahphyloCoccuse Pyogenes, Escherichi Coli, Methicillin Resistant, Clostridium Dificile, Salmonella, Psuedomonas
Fungi- Aspergillus, Candida, Athletes Foot
Yeast
Protozoans- Naegleria, Plasmodium, Trichomanas Vaginalis
Helminths- Pinworms, Tapeworm, Hook Worms
What are microbes or microorganisms?
these are small minute living things that individually are too small to be seen with the unaided eye
What do microorganisms do?
Microorganisms help make contributions by maintaining balance. Break down wastes, photosynthesis, food production as well
discuss the urey experiment and Discuss the molecules that were used in the experiment
The elements that were used or the molecules that were used were Methane CH4, Hydrogen H2 and NH3 Ammonia
The Urey-Miller experiment included these molecules and was to believe that these molecules were present in the atmosphere of early earth. And it was experimented in a closed system the scientists resulted that simple compounds yielded into organic compounds.
What are Prokaryotic Cells?
Prokaryotic Cells are Bacteria or Archea
- 0.2 to 10 nanometers
- lack membranous organelles
- 70s ribosomes
- singular circular molecule of DNA
- and its cell wall is made out of peptidoglycan
What Are Eukaryotic cells?
- size in10 nanometers into 10 nanometers
- have membranous organelles
- 80s ribosomes
- its DNA is two o more linear molecules
- thier cell wall is sometimes, hence plantcells but they are never peptidoglycan. cellulose is the cell wall of plat cells.
define taxonomy and why do we use it?
Taxonomy is defined as the science of the classification of organisms.
is functions are organization, acts as an identification aid, and reflect natural relationships.
It differes from whittakers kingdom of classification which divides by cell type, cellular classification and nutritional type.
Who is Robert Hooke? What was his Significance?
Robert Hooke was the man who actually coined the term Cells. He made a book called Micrographia which explained his story of his microscopic and telescopic observations.
Hooke observed and discovered plant cells, he saw these cells also in a cork, wood and other plants.
Van Leewenhok?
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek was actually the first to observe live microorganisms through the magnifying lenses with the microscopes he constructed. He made simple microscopes that were better than hookes compound scopes. He called them “animalcules” in rainwater, feces and material he scraped from his teeth calling it bacteria and protozoa.
Who is John Needham and Lazzarro Spellani?
- John Needham claimed that microbes can be developed spontaneously from heated broth. In the end microbes ended up in his broth, because of air.
- Lazzaro Spallanzani showed that nutrient fluids heated instantly after being sealed in a flask did not develop microbial growth.
Who is louis Pasteur?
- Invented the Goose-Neck Flasks, the broth inside the flask is being heated to kill bacteria, but the edge shaped flask prevents bacteria from entering the broth because of the grooves.
- However, when tilting it the broth is able to come in contact with bacteria. showed that microbial life can be destroyed by heat.
- Developed the Germ Theory that microbes can travel by air and emphasized on using clean procedure materials as well as washing hands.
Who is Tyndall?
Tyndall did the same experiment as Pastuer but his showed the microbial growth even when it was standing up. but there are factors that could play with the type of broth he was using and also the environment that he was in where spores were present. Basically Pastuer may have been lucky.
Fancesco Redi? what number of generation?
Demonstration of the falsehood of the spontaneous generation theory. people believed that fresh air was needed for spontaneous generation. He allowed a jar with open sealing with a piece of meat and nothing happened.
Discuss the Early Infection Control and who were the ones involved?
Lister applied the germ theory while doing medical procedures. he tried using phenol, a carbonic acid that kills bacteria, during his procedures, and it was one of the earliest attempts to control infections.
-Semmelweis has demonstrated that physicians who did not wash their hands before a procedure routinely gave patients more infections.
Who is Koch? What are his postulates?Find the suspected agent associated with every case
- Koch discovering Bacillus anthracis… experimented on other animals with this bacteria. These are his postulates….
- Isolate and grow suspected agent in a pure culture
- re-inoculate into susceptiblle host and produce disease
- re-isolate same organism
describe pastuers goose-neck flasks experiment allowed for a better understanding how spontaneous generation is not possible.
pastuer work provides evidence that microorganisms cannot originate from mystical forces present in nonliving materials. scientist belleieve that spontaneous generation occurred on primitive earth but not in todays environment.
what is the order of taxonomy? Why do we use it/
We use it as Organization, Identification aid and or for natural relationships. The order of the taxonomy hierarchy is
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species/Specific Epithet.
What is Spontaneous Generation?
This is the idea of living organisms could arise from nonliving matter
Pasteurization? What is it?
Pasteurization is the process of killing bacteria in alcohol beverages and milk.
Discuss Francesco Redi experiment
He was the one who experimented with meat. He demonstrated the falsehood of spontaneous generation.
Jar with meat open cover flies lays maggots
Jar closed nothing inside
Jar with cover with holes equals nothing happened.
John need hams experiment
Needham experiment included gravy infusions and corked off with 30mins of boiling heat, his experiment showed that microbes were still able to arise from the boiled gravy. He supported spontaneous generation and thought he proved it with his experiment.
What did Lazzaro Spallanzani do
Did the same experiment as john Needham, used chicken broth and 45 min of boiling. He set up two experiments and did the same exact thing as Needham and one where his own experiment. He did the same procedure as Needham and ended up with living organisms, but in spallanzanis experiment heating at a temperature for a longer period of time actually shows that there were no spontaneous generation occuring
