Chapter 2 - Basic Exercise Science Flashcards
What is the combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems. Functional anatomy, functional biomechanics, and motor behavior.
Human Movement System
What are the three primary functions of the nervous system?
Briefly describe each one.
- Sensory Function- changes in the environment
- Integrative Function - Analyse and interpret
- Motor Function - the neuromuscular response
What is a conglomeration of billions of cells specifically designed to provide a communication network within the human body?
The Nervous System
What is the ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment.
Sensory function of the Nervous System
Define the ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which produces the appropriate response?
Integrative function of the Nervous System
The neuromuscular response to the sensory information is part of what function or system?
Motor function of the Nervous System
What is the CUMULATIVE SENSORY IMPUT TO the central nervous system (CNS) from all MECHANORECEPTORS that sense body POSITION and limb MOVEMENT?
The neuroMUSCULAR response to sensory information is part of what function or system?
- Proprioception
- Motor System
What is the Cell Body of a Neuron / What does it contain?
- Contains nucleus and other organelles, including lysosomes, mitchondia, and a Golgi complex.
What is the primary function of Dendrites in a Neuron?
- Gather information from other structures and transmit it back into the neuron.
(receive messages from other cells)
What is the Axon of a Neuron?
- A thin, cylindrical projection from the cell body that TRANSMITS NERVOUS IMPULSES TO OTHER NEURONS or EFFECTOR SITES (muscles, organs).
(Passes messages away from the cell body to the other neurons, muscles or glands.) - It is the part of the neuron that provides communication from the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body.
What is a Neuron?
What 3 parts is it made of?
A specialized CELL that processes and TRANSMITS INFORMATION through both electrical and chemical signals. It is the FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.
3 main parts:
- cell body
- axon
- dendrites
What transmits nerve impulses from effector sites (such as muscles and organs) via receptors to the brain and spinal cord. Responds to touch, sound, light, and other stimuli and transmit nerve impulses from effector sites.
Sensory (Afferent) Neurons
What Transmit nerve impulses from one neutron to another.
Interneurons
What transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effector sites such as muscles or glands.
Example: brain tells hand muscles to let go of hot coffee cup (after interpreted it was hot from sensory neurons and communicated through Interneurons).
Motor (Efferent) Neurons
What are the two main functions of peripheral nerves and what’s the main purpose of them?
- Provide a connection for the nervous system to activate effector sites (muscles)
- Relay info from effector sites back to the brain via sensory receptors.
- -thus, providing a constant update on the relation between the body and the environment.
What is the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
-cranial and spinal nerves that spread throughout the body.
What are the subdivisions of the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS),
What ares of the body do they affect?
What are their main functions?
- SOMATIC Nervous System: nerves that serve the OUTER areas of the body and skeletal muscle, and are largely responsible for the VOLUNTARY movement.
- AUTONOMIC Nervous System: supplies neural input to the INVOLUNTARY SYSTEMS of the body (heart, digestive systems, and endocrine glands).
What are the subdivisions of the AUTONOMIC system and what are their functions?
- Sympathetic - increase levels of activation in preparation for activity
- Parasympathetic - decrease levels of activation during rest and recovery.
What are Sensory Receptors and what are the 4 subcategories it is divided into?
Sensory Receptors are specialized structures located throughout the body that convert environmental stimuli (heat, light, sound, taste, and motion) into sensory information that the brain and spinal cord use to produce a response.
- mechanoreceptors (touch and pressure)
- nociceptors (pain receptors)
- chemoreceptors (chemical interaction / smell and taste)
- photo receptors (light / vision)
What are responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues / respond to mechanical pressure and outside forces (touch, pressure, stretching, sound waves, and motion) within tissues and then transmit signals through sensory nerves.
Mechanoreceptors
like muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, and joint receptors like pacinias and ruffinis
What sort of thing are Muscle Spindles and GTOs?
What direction do muscle spindles run?
What are muscle spindles sensitive to?
What do they cause the muscle to do?
- Mechanoreceptors
- Run parallel to muscle fibers
- Sensitive to change in LENGTH of the muscle and the rate of that change.
- CONTRACTS the muscle to prevent over stretching and potential damage.
What sort of thing are Golgi Tendon Organs (GTOs) and muscle spindles?
What are GTOs sensitive to?
Where are GTO located?
What is the reaction when they are activated?
- MECHANORECEPTORS
- Sensitive to change in TENSION of the muscle and the rate of that change.
- Located where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons.
- Cause the muscle to RELAX, which prevents the muscle from excessive stress or possibility of injury.
What sort of thing are Joint Receptors?
Where are they located?
What are they sensitive to?
How do they prevent too much stress on a joint?
What are examples?
- MECHANORECEPTORS
- Surround a joint
-Respond to extreme joint positions,
pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint
- Can initiate a reflexive inhibitory response in the surrounding muscles if there is too much stress placed on that joint.
- Examples: Ruffini endings and Pacinian corpuscles
What is the functional integration of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems to work together and produce human movement?
Kinetic Chain
Define Kinetic.
To produce motion/force
How many bones are in the Skeletal System?
-206 bones
What is the Central Nervous System (CNS)?
The portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord.
What is the Axial Skeleton, and how many bones does it contain?
- Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib age, and vertebral column.
- approximately 80 bones
Define Joints.
Junctions of bones, muscles, and connective tissue at which movement occurs. Also known as an articulation.
What is the Appendicular Skeleton, and how many bones does it contain?
- Portion of the skeletal system that includes the upper and lower extremities as well as shoulders and pelvic girdles.
- Approximately 126 bones
What is special about the Pelvic Girdle in regard to Axial or Appendicular Skeletons?
the pelvic girdle is often considered a component of either axial or appendicular system and is actually a link between the two systems.
What are the two vital functions of bones?
- Leverage: act and perform as levers when acted on by muscles.
- Provide Support: (relative to movement), translates into posture, which is necessary for the efficient distribution of forces acting on the body.
Define Bones.
Provide a resting ground for muscles and protection of vital organs.
What is the process of resorption and formation of bone?
Remodeling
What are the 5 major types of bones?
- Long Bones
- Short Bones
- Flat Bones
- Irregular Bones
- Sesamoid Bones
What is a type of cell that is responsible for bone formation (lays down new bone tissue to replace the old during remodeling - resorption and formation of bone)?
Osteoblasts
What is a type of bone cell that removes bone tissue during resorption?
Osteoclasts
Define Long Bones.
- Long, cylindrical body (shaft), with irregular or widened bony ends with slight curvature that is necessary for efficient force distribution.
- Composed predominately of compact bone tissue to ensure strength and stiffness.
- Contains considerable amounts of spongy bone tissue for shock absorption.
- Upper Body Long Bones: clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, and phalanges.
- Lower Body Long Bones: femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, and phalanges.
What is Epiphysis?
- The end of long bones, which is mainly composed of cancellous bone, and houses much of the red marrow involved in red blood cell production.
- They are also one of the primary sites for bone growth.
- Note: during growth periods, area can be vulnerable to injury.
What is Diaphysis?
- The shaft portion of the long bone, predominately compact bone (although inside the shaft is hollow).
- Primary Role: Support
What is Epiphyseal Plate?
- The region of long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis.
- It is a layer of subdividing cartilaginous cells in which growth in length of the diaphysis occurs.
- Note: damage before cession of growth could result in shorter bone
What is a Periosteum?
- A dense, tough membrane composed of fibrous connective tissue that closely wraps (invests) all bone, except that of the articulating surfaces in joints, which are covered by a synovial membrane.
- It contains nerves, blood vessels, and bone-producing cells
- Inner surface provides the materials for nutrition repair and facilitates growth in the diameter of the bone.
- Fundamental Role in movement by providing the point of attachment for tendons.
Define Medullar Cavity.
-The space that runs down through the center of the diaphysis and contains fatty yellow marrow that is predominately composed of dispose tissue and serves as a useful energy reserve.
What is Articulate (Hyaline) Cartilage?
- Cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of bones.
- Hard, white, shiny tissue that, along with synovial fluid, helps reduce friction in freely moveable (synovial joints).
- Fundamental for smooth joint action.
What are Short Bones? Give examples.
- Similar in length and width and appear somewhat cubical in shape.
- Consist predominately of spongy bone tissue to maximize shock absorption.
- Examples: carpals of hands and tarsals of feet
What are Flat Bones? Give examples.
- Thin bones comprising two layers of compact bone tissues surrounding a layer of spongy bone tissue.
- Involved in protection of internal structures.
- Provide broad attachments for muscles.
- Examples: sternum, scapulae, ribs, ilium, and cranial bones.
What are Irregular Bones? Give examples.
- Unique shape and function
- Does not fit characteristics of other bone categories.
- Examples: vertebrae, pelvic bones, and certain facial bones.
What are Sesamoid Bones? Give examples.
- Small bones embedded in a joint capsule or found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint.
- Develop within particular tendons at a site of considerable friction or tension.
- Serve to improve leverage and protect the joint from damage.
- Example- Patella