Chapter 2 - Basic Exercise Science

Question 1

Human Movement System

Answer 1

The combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems.

Question 2

Nervous System

Answer 2

The conglomeration of billions of cells specifically designed to provide a communication network within the human body.

Question 3

Sensory Function

Answer 3

The ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment.

Question 4

Integrative Function

Answer 4

The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which produces the appropriate response.

Question 5

Motor Function

Answer 5

The neuromuscular response to the sensory information.

Question 6

Proprioception

Answer 6

The cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system form all mechanoreceptors that sense body position and limb movement.

Question 7

Neuron

Answer 7

The functional unit of the nervous system.

Question 8

Sensory (afferent) Neurons

Answer 8

Transmit nerve impulses from effector sites (such as muscles and organs) via receptors to the brain and spinal cord.

Question 9

Interneurons

Answer 9

Transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another.

Question 10

Motor (efferent) neurons

Answer 10

Transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effector sites

Question 11

Central Nervous System

Answer 11

The portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord.

Question 12

Peripheral Nervous System

Answer 12

Cranial and Spinal Nerves that spread throughout the body.

Question 13

Mechanoreceptors

Answer 13

Sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues.

Question 14

Muscle Spindles

Answer 14

Receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change.

Question 15

Golgi Tendon Organs

Answer 15

Receptors sensitive to change in tension of the muscle and the rate of that change.

Question 16

Joint Receptors

Answer 16

Receptors surrounding a joint that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint.

Question 17

Skeletal System

Answer 17

The body’s framework, composed of bones and joints.

Question 18

Bones

Answer 18

Provide a resting ground for muscles and protection of vital organs.

Question 19

Joints

Answer 19

Junctions of bones, muscles, and connective tissue at which movement occurs. Also known as articulation.

Question 20

Axial Skeleton

Answer 20

Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column.

Question 21

Appendicular Skeleton

Answer 21

Portion of the skeletal system that includes the upper and lower extremities.

Question 22

Remodeling

Answer 22

The process of resorption and formation of bone.

Question 23

Osteoclasts

Answer 23

A type of bone cell that removes bone tissue.

Question 24

Osteoblasts

Answer 24

A type of cell that is responsible for bone formation.

Question 25

Epiphysis

Answer 25

The end of long bones, which is mainly composed of cancellous bone, and house much of the red marrow involved in red blood cell production. They are also one of the primary sites for bone growth.

Question 26

Diaphysis

Answer 26

The shaft portion of a long bone.

Question 27

Epiphyseal Plate

Answer 27

The region of long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis. It is a layer of subdividing cartilaginous cells in which growth in length of the diaphysis occurs.

Question 28

Periosteum

Answer 28

A dense membrane composed of fibrous connective tissue that closely wraps (invests) all bone, except that of the articulating surfaces in joints, which are covered by a synovial membrane.

Question 29

Medullar Cavity

Answer 29

The central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored.

Question 30

Articular (hyaline) cartilage

Answer 30

Cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of bones.

Question 31

Depressions

Answer 31

Flattened or indented portions of bone, which can be muscle attachment sites.

Question 32

Processes

Answer 32

Projections protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach.

Question 33

Vertebral Column

Answer 33

A series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord.

Question 34

Arthrokinematics

Answer 34

Joint Motion

Question 35

Synovial Joints

Answer 35

Joints that are held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement in the body.

Question 36

Nonsysnovial Joints

Answer 36

Joints that do not have a joint cavity, connective tissue, or cartilage.

Question 37

Ligament

Answer 37

Primary connective tissue that connects bones together and provides stability, input to the nervous system, guidance, and the limitation of improper joint movement.

Question 38

Muscular System

Answer 38

Series of muscles that moves the skeleton.

Question 39

Epimysium

Answer 39

A layer of connective tissue that is underneath the fascia and surrounds the muscle.

Question 40

Perimysium

Answer 40

The connective tissue that surrounds fascicles.

Question 41

Endomysium

Answer 41

The deepest layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers.

Question 42

Tendons

Answer 42

Connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force.

Question 43

Sacromere

Answer 43

The functional unit of muscle the produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of acting and myosin.

Question 44

Neural Activiation

Answer 44

The contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation.

Question 45

Motor Unit

Answer 45

A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates.

Question 46

Neurotransmitters

Answer 46

Chemical messengers that cross the neuromuscular junction (synapse) to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle.