Chapter 2

Question 1

A process

Answer 1

primary process in opponent process theory

Question 2

appetitive behavior

Answer 2

behavior that occurs early in the natural behavior sequence and serves to bring the organism in contact with a pleasing stimulus

Question 3

B process

Answer 3

opponent process in opponent process theory of motivation

Question 4

consummatory behavior

Answer 4

behavior that serves to bring a natural sequence of behavior to consummation or completion. Usually species-typical model action patterns

Question 5

drug tolerance

Answer 5

reduction of the effectiveness of a drug as a result of repeated use of a drug

Question 6

efferent neuron

Answer 6

neuron that transmits impulses to muscles. Also called motor neuron

Question 7

fatigue

Answer 7

A temporary decrease in behavior caused by
repeated or excessive use of the muscles involved in the
behavior.

Question 8

focal search mode

Answer 8

the second component of the feeding behavior sequence following general search, in which the organism engages in behavior focused on a particular location or stim that is indicative of the presence of food. A form of appetitive behavior that is more closely related to food than general search

Question 9

general search mode

Answer 9

the earliest component of the feeding behavior sequence, in which the organism engages in nondirected locomotive behavior. a form of appetitive behavior

Question 10

habituation effect

Answer 10

a progressive decrease in the vigor of elicited behavior that may occur with repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus

Question 11

habituation process

Answer 11

a neural mechanism activated by repetitions of a stimulus that reduces the magnitude of repetitions elicited by that stimulus

Question 12

interneuron

Answer 12

a neuron in the spinal cord that transmits impulses from afferent (sensory) to efferent (motor) neurons

Question 13

MAP-modal action pattern

Answer 13

a response pattern exhibited by most, if not all, members of a species in much the same way. used as basic units of behavior i nethological investigations of behavior

Question 14

opponent process

Answer 14

A compensatory mechanism that
occurs in response to the primary process elicited by
biologically significant events. The opponent process
causes physiological and behavioral changes that are
the opposite of those caused by the primary process.
Also called the b process.

Question 15

primary process

Answer 15

The first process in the opponent
process theory of motivation that is elicited by a
biologically significant stimulus. Also called the a
process.

Question 16

reflex

Answer 16

A close relation between an eliciting stimulus
and a resulting response that is mediated by a neural circuit (the reflex arc) that links afferent neurons activated by the stimulus with efferent neurons that trigger response output. As a consequence, the eliciting stimulus usually produces the reflex response, which rarely occurs otherwise.

Question 17

releasing stimulus

Answer 17

sign stimulus

Question 18

sensitization effect

Answer 18

An increase in the vigor of elicited behavior that may result from repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus or from exposure to a strong extraneous stimulus.

Question 19

sensitization process

Answer 19

A neural mechanism that increases the magnitude of responses elicited by a stimulus.

Question 20

sensory adaptation

Answer 20

A temporary reduction in the sensitivity of sense organs caused by repeated or excessive stimulation.

Question 21

sensory neuron

Answer 21

afferent neuron

Question 22

sign stimulus

Answer 22

A specific feature of an object or animal that elicits a modal action pattern. Also called releasing stimulus.

Question 23

spontaneous recovery

Answer 23

Return of responding to baseline levels produced by a period of rest after habituation or sensitization.

Question 24

S-R system

Answer 24

The shortest neural pathway that connects
the sense organs stimulated by an eliciting stimulus and
the muscles involved in making the elicited response.

Question 25

state system

Answer 25

neural structures that determine the general level of responsiveness or arousal of the organism

Question 26

supernormal stimulus

Answer 26

a sign stimulus whose features have been artificially enhanced or exaggerated to produce an abnormally large modal action patter