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Industrial/Organizational Psychology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

Research Methods

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1
Q

Hypothesis

A

The researcher’s best guess about what the results of a study will be.

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2
Q

Variable

A

An attribute or characteristic of people or things that can vary (take on different values).

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3
Q

Independent Variable

A

Variable manipulated by the researcher.

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4
Q

Dependent Variable

A

Variable measured or assessed in response to the IV.

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5
Q

Field Setting

A

Setting in which the phenomenon of interest naturally occurs.

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6
Q

Laboratory Setting

A

Artificial setting in which phenomena of interest do not normally occur.

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7
Q

Generalizability

A

The conclusions of a study can be extended to other groups of people, organizations, settings, or situations.

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8
Q

Control

A

Procedures that allow researchers to rule out explanations for results other than the hypothesis they wish to test.

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9
Q

Control Group

A

Collection of people who receive a condition or manipulation different from the one of interest.

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10
Q

Random

A

Process that eliminates systematic influences on how subjects are treated in a study.

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11
Q

Random Assignment

A

When we assign people to various treatment conditions or levels of an independent variable in a nonsystematic way.

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12
Q

Random Selection

A

We choose the subjects of our investigation by a nonsystematic method.

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13
Q

Sample

A

Group of individuals selected randomly from a population.

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14
Q

Confounding

A

When two or more variables are intertwined in such a way that conclusions cannot be drawn about either one.

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15
Q

Research Design

A

Basic structure of a scientific study.

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16
Q

Experiment

A

Design in which there are one or more independent variables and one or more dependent variables, as well as a random assignment of subjects.

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17
Q

Field Experiment

A

Experiment conducted within an organization rather than a laboratory.

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18
Q

Quasi-Experimental Design

A

One or more of the features of a true experiment have been compromised.

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19
Q

Survey Design

A

Series of questions chosen to study one or more variables of interest.

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20
Q

Quesstionaire

A

Set of assessments either on paper or electronically used in a survey design.

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21
Q

Cross-Sectional Design

A

All data were collected at a single point in time.

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22
Q

Longitudinal Design

A

Collects data at more than one point in time.

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23
Q

Response Rate

A

Percentage of those surveyed who agree to participate.

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24
Q

Experience Sampling

A

Take repeated measurements over short time intervals.

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25
Q

Observational Design

A

Researcher observes employees in their organizational settings.

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26
Q

Obtrusive Methods

A

Researcher might watch individual employees conducting their jobs for a period of time.

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27
Q

Unobtrusive Methods

A

Subjects of study might be aware that the researcher was present, bu they would not know that they were being studied.

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28
Q

Quantitative Methods

A

Researchers define variables, take quantitative measurements of those variables, and use statistical analysis to draw inferences.

29
Q

Qualitative Methods

A

Observing behavior in an organization, and then recording those observations in a narrative form.

30
Q

Measurement

A

Process of assigning numbers to characteristics of people or things.

31
Q

Categorical Measurement

A

Values of the variable represent discrete categories and not the amount of the characteristic of interest.

32
Q

Continuous Measurement

A

Used when the numbers represent the amount of the characteristic in question.

33
Q

Classical Measurement Theory

A

Every observation of a variable can be divided into two components: true score and error.

34
Q

True Score

A

To represent the variable of interest.

35
Q

Error

A

Comprised of random influences on the observed score that are independent of the true score.

36
Q

Reliability

A

Consistency of measurement across repeated observations of a variable for the same subject.

37
Q

Internal Consistency Reliability

A

How well the multiple measures for the same subject agree.

38
Q

Inter-Rater Reliability

A

Extent to which ratings by two or more raters are related to one another.

39
Q

Test-Retest Reliability

A

Consistency of measurement when it is repeated over time.

40
Q

Validity

A

The inferences that are made about what an observed score measures or represents.

41
Q

Construct Validity

A

We are able to give an interpretation to scores on a measure.

42
Q

Face Validity

A

A measure appears to assess what it was designed to assess.

43
Q

Content Validity

A

A multiple item measure of a variable does an adequate job of covering the entire domain of the variable.

44
Q

Criterion-Related Validity

A

Scores on a measure on interest relate to other measures that they should relate to in theory.

45
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A

Provide ways of reducing large amounts of data to summary statistics, such as means or variances.

46
Q

Arithmetic Mean

A

The sum of the observations divided by the number of observations.

47
Q

Median

A

Middle number when the observations are rank ordered from lowest to highest.

48
Q

Variance

A

A dispersion measure that is the arithmetic mean of the squared differences between each observation and the arithmetic mean of the same observations.

49
Q

Standard Deviation

A

Square root of the variance.

50
Q

Correlation

A

Statistic used to indicate the degree to which two continuous variables are related and the direction of the relation.

51
Q

Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient

A

S

52
Q

Regression Equation

A

Provides a mathematical formula that allows for the prediction of one variable from another.

53
Q

Predictor

A

S

54
Q

Criterion

A

S

55
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

Allow us to draw conclusions that generalize from the subjects we have studies to all the people of interest by allowing us to make inferences based on probabilities.

56
Q

Statistical Tests

A

Findings from a research study involving a small group of subjects are extended to other potential subjects.

57
Q

Error Variance

A

Variability among subjects who receive the same treatment in an experiment.

58
Q

Statistical Signifigance

A

The probability of finding the observed results by chance alone is less than .05.

59
Q

Independent Group T-Test

A

Used to determine if two groups of subjects differ significantly on a dependent variable.

60
Q

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

A

Used to determine if two or more groups of subjects differ significantly on a dependent variable.

61
Q

Factorial ANOVA

A

Used to determine the significance of effects of two or more independent variables on a dependent variable.

62
Q

T-Test For Correlation

A

Used to determine if the correlation between two variables is significantly greater than zero in absolute value.

63
Q

Multiple Regression

A

Used to determine if two or more predictor variables can significantly predict a criterion variable.

64
Q

Meta-Analysis

A

Quantitative way of combining the results of studies.

65
Q

Mediator Variable

A

A variable that is part of the intervening process between two other variables.

66
Q

Moderator Variable

A

Variable that affects the relationship between two other variables.

67
Q

Informed Consent Form

A

States the purposes and risks involved in the research.

68
Q

P-Hacking

A

Where a researcher might try a number of different ways to analyze data until something becomes statistically significant; or a researcher might conduct a large number of statistical tests and only report the small percentages that are statistically significant.

Industrial/Organizational Psychology (14 decks)

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