Chapter 2

Question 1

deduction

Answer 1

form of inference that purports to be conclusive

start with a theory - develop hypothesis from theory - test hypothesis/compare to reality

Question 2

induction

Answer 2

draws conclusions from one or more particular facts

begin with observations - form hypothesis - test hypothesis - develop theory

Question 3

concept

Answer 3

bundle of meanings or characteristics associated with certain events, objects, conditions, situations, and behaviors
developed over time through shared usage

Question 4

construct

Answer 4

abstract concepts
image or idea specifically invented for given research and/or theory-building purpose
built by combining concepts especially when idea or image is not directly subject to observation

Question 5

5 c’s of leadership

Answer 5

credibility
compelling vision
charismatic communicator
contagious enthusiasm 
culture builder

Question 6

success of research hinges on:

Answer 6

how clearly we conceptualize

how well others understand concepts/constructs we use

Question 7

variable

Answer 7

symbol to which we assign numerals or values

Question 8

dichotomous

Answer 8

two levels

Question 9

continuous

Answer 9

within range or infinite

Question 10

discrete

Answer 10

fit into categories

Question 11

independent variable

Answer 11

presumed cause

Question 12

dependent variable

Answer 12

presumed effect

Question 13

moderating variables

Answer 13

second independent variable

has significant contributory effect on the original stated independent dependent variable relationship

Question 14

extraneous variables

Answer 14

may effect given indep. dep. variables relationships

can be moderating or control variable

Question 15

intervening variable (or mediating variable)

Answer 15

factor that is btwn indep. variable and dep. variable

Question 16

role of hypothesis

Answer 16

tentative statement used or empirical testing
guides direction of study
identifies facts that are relevant

Question 17

descriptive hypothesis

Answer 17

states existence, size, form, or distribution of variable

Question 18

relational hypothesis

Answer 18

describes relationship btwn 2 variables

Question 19

correlational hypothesis

Answer 19

implies that variables occur together in some specified manner w/o implying that one causes other

Question 20

explanatory hypothesis

Answer 20

implies existence of or change in one variable cuasing to change in other variables

Question 21

cause

Answer 21

help make happen

Question 22

3 conditions of good hypothesis

Answer 22

must be adequate for purpose
must be testable
must be better than its rivals

Question 23

theory

Answer 23

set of systematically interrelated constructs (concepts), definitions, and propositions that present systematic view of phenomena (facts) by specifying relationships among variables, with purpose of explaining and predicting the phenomena

Question 24

value of theory

Answer 24

narrows range of facts we need to study
suggests which research approaches will yield greatest meaning
summarizes what is known about object of study
predicts further facts that should be found or explored

Question 25

model

Answer 25

represents

Question 26

operational definition

Answer 26

stated in terms of specific testing or measurement criteria | must be able to gather info through senses

Question 27

untested opinion

Answer 27

way weve always done it

Question 28

self evident truth

Answer 28

based on law of nature, common sense

Question 29

method of authority

Answer 29

authorities serve as important sources of knowledge but should be judged on integrity and willingness to present balanced case