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Biology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the ultrastructure of a cell?

A

The detailed structure of a cell that can only be seen using an electron microscope.

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2
Q

Define resolution

A

The shortest distance between two objects that are still seen as separate objects.

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3
Q

Define magnification

A

How many times the image size is bigger than the actual size.

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4
Q

Why do electron microscopes have a higher resolution that light microscopes?

A

Electrons have a shorter wavelength than light waves.

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5
Q

What is a cell?

A

The basic unit of a living organism.

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6
Q

What is a cell organelle?

A

Smaller, cellular structures inside a cell which carry out different functions.

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7
Q

Why is the cytoplasm not a cell organelle?

A

It is mostly made up of water (70%)

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8
Q

Describe the nucleus.

A

Double membrane bound organelle which has perforations known as the nuclear pore.

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9
Q

What are the functions of a nucleus?

A

Controls all cell activities.
Stores genetic informations.
Codes for proteins.

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10
Q

Describe the mitochondria

A

A double membrane bound structure where the inner membrane folds to give the cristae.

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11
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

It is the site of respiration.

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12
Q

Describe the ribosome

A

A structure with no membrane and is composed of two subunits (smaller and larger) where the smaller has a binding site.

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13
Q

Describe the Golgi body

A

A fluid filled, flattened and curved structure.

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14
Q

Describe the centriole

A 
A structure that is:
Hollow
Not membrane bound
Made of nine sets of microtubule triplets
Cylinder shape
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15
Q

What is the function of a centriole?

A

It makes the spindle fibres which plays a role in the separation of chromosomes during mitosis.

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16
Q

Describe the chloroplast

A

A double membrane bound structure where the inner membrane forms the thylakoid.

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17
Q

What is the function of the chloroplast?

A

It is the site of photosynthesis. The thylakoid is where the light dependant reactions take place and the stroma is where the light independent reactions take place.

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18
Q

What separates the chromosomes in plant cells during mitosis?

A

Microtubules

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19
Q

Describe the vacuole

A

One membrane bound structure, known as the tonoplast. Inside is a fluid (cell sap) which contains ions, glucose and water.

20
Q

What is the function of the tonoplast?

A

Supports the cell by keeping it turgid.

21
Q

Which structures are only found in animal cells?

A

Centrioles

Microvilli

22
Q

Which structures are only found in plant cells?

A 
Chloroplast
Vacuole
Middle Lamella
Cellulose cell wall
Plasmodesmata
23
Q

What are the similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

(Feature-Prokaryotic,Eukaryotic)
Nucleus- none, present
DNA- circular, linear
DNA organisation- fold and condense DNA, associated with proteins (histones)
Extra chromosomal DNA- Plasmids, Only present in mitochondria and chloroplast
Organelles- not membrane bound, membrane bound
Cell wall- peptidoglycan, none in animals, chitin in fungi and cellulose in plants.
Ribosomes- 70S (16nm), 80S (22nm)
Cytoskeleton- present, present but more complex.
Reproduction- binary fission, asexual or sexual.
Cell type- Unicellular, unicellular or multicellular
Cell surface membrane- present, present

24
Q

What are the similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Cell surface membrane, ribosomes (but of different sizes), DNA and RNA

25
Q

Where is the RNA in prokaryotic cells?

A

ribosomes

26
Q

Which structures are present in prokaryotic cells?

A

Nucleoid, mesosome, cytoplasm, cell wall, cytoplasm, cell wall, ribosome, plasmid, flagellum (in some), cell surface membrane, slime capsule (in some), food storage (shown as shaded dots), bacterial chromosome

27
Q

What is the nucleoid?

A

Part of the cytoplasm where the main loop of DNA is present

28
Q

What is the mesosome and what is its function?

A

made by the folding of the cell surface membrane. Its function is to keep enzymes for respiration.

29
Q

What is the plasmid?

A

Extra, smaller, loop of DNA

30
Q

what is the cell wall in prokaryotes made of?

A

Peptidoglycan/murein

31
Q

Which structures are only present in bacterial cells?

A

Mesosome and plasmid

32
Q

Why is binary fission not known as mitosis?

A

Prokaryotic cells do not have linear DNA, nucleus or DNA bound to proteins, unlike in eukaryotic cells.

33
Q

What is the Endosymbion theory?

A

The mitochondria and chloroplast are formed from a PK cell. When the EK cell was made, the PK cell moved inside the EK cell. With time, two organelles inside a EK cell was made.

34
Q

What is the evidence for Endosymbion theory?

A

Prokaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplast:
have 70S ribosome
have loop of DNA
Are of similar sizes

35
Q

What are different ways of preparing samples?

A

Dry mount, Wet mount, Squash slides, Smear slides

36
Q

How do you prepare a dry mount?

A

Solid specimens should be sectioned. A thin slice should then be placed onto the centre of a microscope slide and a cover slip placed on top.

37
Q

How do you prepare a wet mount?

A

Specimens are suspended in a liquid i.e. water or immersion oil. A cover slip is placed from an angle.

38
Q

How are squash slides prepared?

A

A wet mount is prepared first. A lens tissue is then used to gently press the cover slip down.

39
Q

How are smear slides prepared?

A

The edge of a slide is used to smear the sample, creating a thin and even coating on another slide. A cover slip is then placed over the sample.

40
Q

Which stains are used for negative stain technique?

A

Nigrosjn or Congo red

41
Q

What are the stages involved in the production of preprepared slides?

A

Fixing, Sectioning, Staining, Mounting

42
Q

What is the resolution for a light microscope?

A

50-200nm (200nm)

43
Q

What is the magnification of a light microscope?

A

x1000-x1500

44
Q

What is the resolution for an electron microscope?

A

0.05-1nm (0.1nm)

45
Q

What is the magnification of am electron microscope?

A

x100000-x500000

46
Q

Define empty magnification

A

When magnification is increased without increase in resolution so no more detail is visible

Biology (11 decks)

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