Chapter 2 Flashcards
IN the intrinsic pathway, what neutralization of which factor allows for apoptosis
IAPs
Which tissue almost always undergoes liquefactive necrosis
CNS during hypoxic events
Which pathway is the major pathway of all mammalian cells
Intrinsic mitochondrial pathway
What are the conditions that commonly cause metaplstic calcification
1) Increased PTH
2) Resorption of bone tissue
3) Vitamin D related disorders
4) Renal failure
How does increased calcium levels in the cause death
Opening of transition pore, activates phospholipase (breaks membranes), proteases, endonucleases (DNA damage) and ATPases, and caspases
How do Striated and cardiac muscle respond to increased metabolic demands
Hypertrophy
FASL is expressed on which cells
T cells that recognize self antigens
What is lipofuscin and what is it derived from
Aka lipochrome, which is an insoluble pigment and is derived through lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated lipids
How does mercuric chloride poisoning cause damage
Mercer’s binds to sulfhydryl of cell membranes. Leads to increase in permeability
What are four conditions associated with autophagy defects
1) Cancer
2) Neurodegenerative disorders
3) Infectious diseases
4) IBD
What is marasmus
Prolonged protein-calorie malnutrition leading to muscle wasting for energy
What is the result of the defective protein in familial hypercholesterolemia
Hypercholesterolemia
What are the 2 proapoptotic proteins
BAK and BAX
What is the condition of metastatic calcification
Deposition of calcium salts in healthy tissue
How does muscle accomplish hypertrophy
Increase in protein synthesis, along with increase in number of myofilaments. This increases the contraction strength of muscle
What is the fate of cells that are hormone sensitive and do not receive their relevant hormone
Undergo apoptosis via intrinsic pathway (lack of BCL2/BCL-XL and increase in BIM)
How do the myosin heavy chain isotypes different in hypertrophy muscles
In muscle hypertrophy, alpha is replaced with beta (slower and more efficient contraction)
What is the process of activation for the FAS death receptors
1) FASL binds to the FAS receptor
2) FADD is grouped together and activated caspase 8
3) Caspase 8 activated the executioner proteins
What is the defective protein in Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency
Alpha 1 antitrypsin
What is the protein disorder in familial hypercholesterolemia
LDL receptor
What is the effect of rapamycin
Blocks the mTOR pathway, which increases longevity of life due to decreased cell cycle progression.
What is dystrophic calcification
Deposition of calcium salts and other minerals into necrotic tissue and debris that is not destroyed
What is the defective protein in tay-Sachs
Hexosaminidase Beta subunit
What level of ATP depletion will result in widespread effects
5-10%
What is karyorrhexis
Nucleus will undergo fragmentation
What is the affect of vitamin A deficiency in the respiratory epithelium
Induces squamous metaplasia
In Alzheimer disease, what is the relation to autophagy
Accelerated autophagy, with any defects in autophagy accelerating the disease
Death receptor is part of which family of receptors
TNF family
What is the mechanism of deactivation for hydroxyl ion
Conversion to water by glutathione peroxidase
What are cholesterolosis
Accumulation of cholesterol filled macrophages in the gallbladder
What are the characteristics of caseous necrosis
Often with a tuberculous infection, where there is the formation of a granulosa
How does necroptosis differ from apoptosis
Caspase independent
What is pyknosis
Irreversible condensation of chromatin (nuclear shrinkage) and basophils
What is the ion in cytosolic SOD
Copper/Zinc
What is the mitochondrial permeability tradition pore and what triggers it
High conductance channel that allow loss of mito membrane potential that leads to depletion of ATP and necrosis of cell. Triggered by mito damage
How doe cyclosporine affect the mitochondrial permeability transition pore
Prevents the pore from forming via blocking the key protein cyclophilin D, which will help prevent mito necrosis and death
What leads to coagulative necrosis in all tissues except one
Obstruction of a vessel will lead to coagulative necrosis in all tissue except the brain
Which type of cells express levels of telomerase
Germ cells have high expression, which stem cells have some lower expression
What is direct chemical toxicity
Chemical directly causes the damage to the cell by binding to crucial components
What is the result of the defective protein in Tay-Sachs
Lack of lysosomal enzyme that eats to storage of the GM2 gangliosides in neurons
What are residual bodies
Cellular debris that resists degredation and persists in autophagic vacuoles
What does the gene CDKN2A code for
A tumor suppressor gene contains p16 or INK4a, which can halt the cell cycle progression
How does calorie restriction lead to longevity of life via IGF1
IGF1 triggers glucose availability and the progression to cell division and anabolism. So decreasing IGF1 will decrease the progression through cell cycles
Hyperplasia is a common response to which pathogens
Viral infections, such as papillomaviruses, which cause hyperplastic epithelium (interference of host regulatory proteins)
What is the most common cause of fatty liver in developed countries
Alcohol abuse and nonalcoholic fatty liver associated with obesity and diabetes
What are the domains on the antiapoptotic proteins
Contains 4 BH regions
What is the process of cytochrome C binding
1) APAF1 (apoptosis activating factor 1)
2) Caspase 9 (initiator)
3) SMAC/Diablo activation
4) #3 binds to IAPs(which are inhibators of apoptosis)
5) Activation of Caspase 3 (executioner)
What are the two pathways involved in hypertrophy
1) PI3K/AKT pathway (exercise induced hypertrophy)
2) GCPRs Pathway ( pathological hypertrophy)
What is the mechanism of deactivation for hydrogen peroxide
To water and oxygen by catalase (peroxisomes) or glutathione perioxidase (cyto or mito)
What are the enzymes and complexes activated by necroptosis
1) TNFR1 is activated
2) Receptor associated kinase 1 and 3 (RIP 1 & 3)
3) RIP1/3 complex recruits caspase 8
4) Caspase 8 activation —> apoptosis
5) Caspase 8 not Activated —> necroptosis
How does hypoxia lead to depletion of glycogen stores
1) No oxygen leads to decreased ox phos
2) Decreased ATP and Increased AMP —> stimulation of PKF (increased glycolysis) and phosphorylase activity (increased glycogen breakdown)
3) Increased substrate level phosphorylation
What are Xanthomas what are they associated with
Intracellular accumulation of cholesterol within macrophages in the connective tissue of skin and tendons and associated with hereditary hyperlipidemia states
What is the function of hemosiderin
Golden yellow pigment that is the main storage of iron
What characteristics are associated with irreversible injury
Severe mitochondrial damage/ATP depletion, and rupture of lysosomes and plasma membranes,
What is the result of the misfolded protein in CJD
abnormal folding of PrPsc leads to neuron cell death
What type of protease is a caspase and what does it cleave
Cysteine protease and cleaves after aspartic residues
What is the common factor in tissue that are prone to metastatic calcification
All secrete acid and have an internal alkaline compartment