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Robbins Pathology MOD1 (Chptr 1-6) > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the adhesion molecules in hemidesmosomes connecting to

A

Intermediate filaments

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2
Q

What is the result of the charge on the proteoglycan bristle

A

Recruits salt and water

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3
Q

What is the function of vascular endothelial growth factor B(VEGF-B) and PIGF

A

Embryonic vessel development

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4
Q

What is a condition that leads to reactive smooth ER hyperplasia

A

Repeated exposure to compounds that are metabolized by the SER, such as phenobarbital catabolism by cytP450

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5
Q

What is TGF beta inhibiting in the tissue

A

Collagen degredation by decreasing matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and increasing tissue inhibators of proteinases

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6
Q

What is the big example of nonreceptor tyrosine kinase and what is it an analog of

A

SRC and Rous sarcoma virus

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7
Q

In which structure do proteolytic enzymes begin significant digestion

A

Late endoscope

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8
Q

What is the function one the RISC complex

A

Bind to mRNA and silence via cleavage or repression

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9
Q

What are the three major types of cytoskeletal proteins

A

Actin microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

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10
Q

What type of receptor does TGF Beta bind to

A

Type 1 and 2, both are serine/threonine kinases

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11
Q

LDL and transferrin intake uses which kind of endocytosis

A

Clatharin coat dependent intake, fusion with lysosome, and is then recycled

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12
Q

What part of the genome codes fro the architectural planning

A

Noncoding region

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13
Q

What amino acid does histone acetylation occur

A

Lysine

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of SNPs

A

Single nucleotide position variations and biallelic (two choices)

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15
Q

Where is phosphatidylinositol located and what is its purpose

A

Inner leaflet of membrane

Serves as a scaffolding and can be hydrolyzed by phospholipase C for second messaging

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16
Q

What is the association of soluble VEGFR1 excess in pregnant women

A

Causes preeclampsia and hypertension

(Due to “taking up” free VEGF which would help to maintain the endothelium of blood vessels

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17
Q

What are the causes of weak connective tissues

A

Defects in primary sequence, procollagen endopetidase processing, hydroxylation, or cross linking

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18
Q

What percent of proteins are involved in oxidative phosphorylation are coded by the mitos

A

20%

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19
Q

What are three receptors that have no intrinsic catalytic activity and what is the protein that does it

A

Integrins, immune receptors, cytokine receptors by nonreceptor tyrosine kinase

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20
Q

What is the characteristic of the euchromatin

A

Disperse (unwound) and active

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21
Q

What is the transcription factor assocaited with growth arrest

A

P53

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22
Q

What are N linked oligosaccharides

A

Sugar moietites attached to aspartate residues

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23
Q

What is the charge of the proteoglycan bristles

A

Negative charge

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24
Q

What percent of the human genome codes for proteins

A

1.5%

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25
Q

What is the general function of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)

A

Chemotactic for inflammation cells (macros, neutros, fibroblasts) into site of injury. Also for muscle cells

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26
Q

What are the major components of basement membrane

A

Amorphous nonfibrillar Type 4 collagen and laminin

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27
Q

Where are proteins that lack signal sequences translated

A

Free ribosomes in the cytoplasm

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28
Q

What are the characteristics of the carrier proteins

A

Bind specific solutes and undergo conformational changes to transport ligand across membrane

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29
Q

What is the function of vascular endothelial growth factor -C&D(VEGF-C&D)

A

Stimulate angiogenesis and lymphatic development

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30
Q

What percent of human genome either binds proteins, regulating gene expression or some other function

A

85%

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31
Q

What are the CDKs regulating the S phase

A

A-CDK2, A-CDK2

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32
Q

What is the function of microtubules

A

Tensile strength to allow for mechanical Strees

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33
Q

What is the signal sequence to enter lysosomes

A

Mannose 6 phosphate

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34
Q

What are protooncogenes

A

Gain of function mutations in genes that lead to cell proliferation

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35
Q

What is neurofilaments associated with

A

Axons of neurons

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36
Q

What are the adhesion molecules in hemidesmosomes

A

Integrins

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37
Q

What are the receptors for EFG and TGF-alpha

A

EGF family receptors

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38
Q

What receptors fo VEGF bind to

A

Bind to receptor tyrosine kinase receptors VEGFR 1,2,3

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39
Q

When is a desmosome considered to be a hemidesmosome

A

When it attaches cell to extracellular matrix (aka basement membrane)

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40
Q

What is the unfolded protein response

A

High levels of unfolded proteins will cause the increase in chaperone production to properly fold the proteins

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41
Q

What is the mechanism that regulates moving from G1 to S phase

A

RB phosporylation

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42
Q

How doe epithelial and mesenchymal cells interact with the ECM

A

Via integrins

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43
Q

What is FGF7 also known as

A

Keratinocytes growth factor (KGF)

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44
Q

When is a desmosome considered to be a spot desmosome

A

Adhesion between cells

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45
Q

What it’s the most potent activator of VEGF and which pathway is involved

A

Hypoxia via the HIF-1 pathway (hypoxia inducible factor )

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46
Q

What are caveolae

A

Invaginations of the plasma membrane used to uptake small molecules. These are noncoated and used for potocytosis (cellular siping)

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47
Q

What are the CDKs regulating transition from G1 to S

A

D-CDK4, D-CDK6, E-CDK2

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48
Q

Binding of TGF beta to its receptor leads to what

A

Phosphorylation of Smads

49
Q

What amino acids does histone methylation occur

A

Lysine and Arginine

50
Q

What is the components of the Integrins that bind to the ECM

A

Arg-Gly-Asp motif (RGD)

51
Q

What is the process of Wnt signaling

A

1) Beta catenin normally ubiquanated
2) Wnt binds to frizzled
3) Frizzled recruits disheveled
4) Disheveled inhibits ubiquinated of Beta Catenin
5) Beta catenin translocated to nucleus

52
Q

What are the two cell receptor isotopes fo PDGR

A

PDGFR alpha and beta

53
Q

Over expression of which receptor is common in breast cancers

A

Epidermal growth factor receptor 1 (EGFR1), aka ERB-B2, aka HER2

54
Q

What is the receptor for hepatocytes growth factor (HGF)

A

MET

55
Q

What are the 3 proteins that broadly inhibit CDKs

A

P27, p21, p57

56
Q

What is the enzyme that links elastin fibers

A

Lysyl oxidase

57
Q

What forms of platelet derived growth factor are activated by proteolytic cleavage

A

PDGF-CC, DD

58
Q

Where is phosphatidylserine located and what purpose does it serve

A

Inner leaflet and serves to provide the negative charge

Flips to the extracellular side in cells undergoing apoptosis

59
Q

In spot desmosomes (macula adhering), what are the role of Cadherins and what are they alternatively called

A

Desmogleins and desmocollins link to intracellular intermediate filaments and allow extracellular forces to be mechanically communicated over multiple cells

60
Q

What is the process of collagen formation

A

1) Proline and lysine are hydroxalated in the ER
2) 3 procollagen fibers align into triple helix
3) C-propeptide is completely removed
4) Crosslinking via lysyl oxidase
5) Lysine glycosalation

61
Q

What are the characteristics of CNVs

A

Large continuous stretches of DNA

62
Q

What is the function of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)

A

Mitogenic effects on hepatocytes and epithelial cells
-morphogen in embryo (influences pattern of differentiation
Cell migration

63
Q

Where are glycolipids and sphingomyelin located and what purpose do they serve

A

Extracellular surface and are important in cell to cell interactions, as well as serving for a place for Salic acid to bind to confer a negative charge

64
Q

What are anti VEGF antibodies being used to treat

A

Tumors of colon and renal.
Age related macula degeneration( overproduction of vessels)
Leaky vessels associated with diabetic edema
Retinopathy prematurity

65
Q

What end of the microtubules are associated with MTOC

A

Negative end

66
Q

What symptoms are assocaited with vitamin C deficiency

A

Loss of structural properties, weak vascular walls leading to bleeding, and poor healing

67
Q

What is the characteristic of the heterochromatin

A

Dense and inactive

68
Q

What are included in the TGF beta family

A

BMPs, activins, inhibins, and mullarian inhibiting substance

69
Q

What is the cause of Marfan syndrome

A

Fibrillation synthetic defect leading to skeletal abnormalities and weaker aortic walls (because fibrillin is assocaited with elastin)

70
Q

What form of platelet derived growth factor is constitutively expressed

A

PDGF- AA, AB, BB

71
Q

What are the two transcription factors associated with growth

A

MYC and JUN

72
Q

What is the function of occluding junctions

A

Seal adjacent cells together to create a continuous barrier

73
Q

What are O linked oligosaccharides

A

Sugar moieties attached to serine or threonine residues

74
Q

Cell to cell desmosome junctions are formed by what

A

Cadherins

75
Q

What does fibroblast growth factor associate with

A

FGF associate with heparin sulfate in the extracellular matrix (the location of reservoir

76
Q

Where is the highest concentration of VEGFR2 receptors

A

In endothelial cells and are the most important for angiogenesis (antibodies against it are approved for tumor treatment)

77
Q

What are the two most common forms of DNA variation in the human genome

A

SNPs and CNVs

78
Q

What direction on the microtubules does the kinesins move

A

Anterograde (minus to plus)

79
Q

What are the components of interstitial matrix

A

Fibrillar collagen, fibronectin, elastin, proteoglycans, hyalorantate

80
Q

What are the components of the tight junctions

A

Occludin, claudin, zonulin, catenin

81
Q

What amino acid does histone phosphorylation occur

A

Serine

82
Q

What does mitochondria initiate protein synthesis with

A

N formylmethione

83
Q

What is the sequential order of CDK appearance

A

D, E, A, B

84
Q

What is the function of FGF

A

Wound healing, hematopoiesis, and development

bFGF also have the ability to angiogenesis

85
Q

What type of cells are smooth ER prominent

A

Cells that synthesize steroid hormones, or catabolism lipid soluble molecules (liver)

86
Q

What are the components of the mitochondrial outer membrane permealization (MOMP) that allows Cyt C to leak

A

BAX and BAK

87
Q

How does elastin resist stress

A

As stressed, it pulls open the hydrophobic regions, which causes recoil

88
Q

What is desmin associated with

A

Muscle cells (for actin and myosin contracting)

89
Q

Where is VEGF expressed the highest

A

Epithelial cells adjacent to fenestrations (kidney, pigment in retina, and choroid plexus)

90
Q

What direction on microtubules does dyneins move

A

Retrograde (plus to minus)

91
Q

What is the function of vascular endothelial growth factor A(VEGF-A)

A

The major angiogenic factor for injury and tumors

92
Q

What is the result of histone acetylation

A

Increases transcription

93
Q

What cleaves pro-HGF into the active form

A

Serine proteases at the site of injury

94
Q

What is an example of signaling ligands diffusing into adjacent cells

A

Nitric oxide, which activates guanylyl cyclase to generate cGMP

95
Q

What is the process of transcytosis

A

Movement of endocytosed vesicles between the apical and basement membrane (aka across epithelial barriers)

96
Q

What is vimentin associated with

A

Fibroblasts

97
Q

What are the adhesion molecules in belt desmosomes connecting to

A

Intracellular actin

98
Q

What type of stem cell is totipotent

A

Embryonic stem cells

99
Q

What is the Warburg effect

A

Upregulation of glucose and glutamine, with decreased ATP per glucose

100
Q

What is the most abundant cytosolic protein in cells

A

Actin microfilaments

101
Q

When is platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) released

A

Stored in granules and released on platelet activation

102
Q

What forms the major structural protein of hair and nails

A

Skin and hair

103
Q

What are the CDKs regulating transition from G2 to M phase

A

B-CDK1

104
Q

Characteristics of channel proteins

A

Creates hydrophilic pores that permit rapid movement of solutes

105
Q

What are the adhesion molecules in belt desmosomes

A

E Cadherins

106
Q

What are the components of microtubules

A

Alpha and beta tubulin

107
Q

What is the role of HDAC

A

Deacetylators that cause chromatin condensation

108
Q

What type of cells are Golgi’s very prominent

A

Cells specialized in secretion (goblet cells of intestine, bronchial epithelium, and plasma cells

109
Q

What are the proteins that inhibit CDK4 and 6, aka INK4 inhibators

A

P15, 16, 18, 19

110
Q

Collagen defects lead to what diseases

A

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

Osteogenesis imperfecta

111
Q

What is lamin A,B,C associated with

A

Nuclear lamina of all cells

112
Q

What is the role of XIST

A

Transcribed from the X chromosome and inactivates the other X

113
Q

What receptors is commonly over expressed in tumors, especially renal and thyroid papillary carcinomas

A

MET receptor, which binds HGF

114
Q

What end of actin microfilaments is new portions added or lost

A

Positive

115
Q

What are glial fibrillary acidic proteins associated with

A

Glial cells around neurons

116
Q

What is the result of DNA methylation

A

Transcriptional silencing

117
Q

What is the process of actin microfilament creation

A

G actin non covalently intertwine to form the F actin

118
Q

What is vitamin C required for

A

Activity of Lysyl oxidase

119
Q

In autophagy, how are denatured proteins and senescent organelles targeted for degradation

A

Encircled with double membrane derived from ER and marked with LC3 (microtubules associated protein 1A/1B light chain)

Robbins Pathology MOD1 (Chptr 1-6) (10 decks)

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