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PSYC 375 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

The nervous system’s potential for physical or chemical change that enhances it’s adaptability to environmental change and it;s ability to compensate for injury.

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2
Q

Phenotypic Plasticity

A

An individual’s capacity to develop into more than one phenotype.

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3
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Part of the peripheral nervous system that includes all the spinal and cranial nerves carrying sensory information to the CNS and also transmits outgoing motor instructions.

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4
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Balances the body’s internal organs to rest and digest (parasympathetic nerves) or fight and flight (sympathetic nerves).

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5
Q

Afferent

A

Sensory information coming into CNS

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6
Q

Efferent

A

Information leaving the CNS

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7
Q

Meninges

A

Three layers of protective tissue that encase the spinal cord and the brain. These three layers are the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater.

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8
Q

Dura Mater

A

“Hard Mother”

Fibrous tissue that encloses the brain and spinal cord.

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9
Q

Arachnoid

A

“Spiders web”

Very thin sheet of tissue that follows the contours of the brain.

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10
Q

Pia Mater

A

“Soft Mother”

Tough membrane that clings to brain’s surface.

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11
Q

Anterior

A

Located at the front of the animal or from of the head

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12
Q

Caudal

A

Located near or towards the back/tail of the animal

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13
Q

Coronal

A

Cut vertically from the crown of the head down

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14
Q

Dorsal

A

Located above/towards the sky.

A viewing orientation from above.

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15
Q

Frontal

A

On the front

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16
Q

Inferior

A

Located below

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17
Q

Lateral

A

Towards the side

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18
Q

Medial

A

Towards the middle.

In reference to brain sections it’s a side view of the brain.

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19
Q

Posterior

A

Located near the tail of the animal.

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20
Q

Rostral

A

Towards the beak

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21
Q

Sagittal

A

Cut lengthways from front to back of the skull dividing the brain into symmetrical halves.

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22
Q

Superior

A

Located above.

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23
Q

Ventral

A

Below. Pointing to the ground or belly of an animal.

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24
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

Clear solution of sodium chloride and other salts.

Fills ventricles inside the brain and circulates around the brain and spinal cord.

Beneath the arachnoid later.

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25
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Thin heavily folded film of nerve tissue composed of neurons that is the outer layer of the forebrain.

Also called the neocortex.

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26
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Responsible for hearing, language, and musical abilities.

Located on the side of the brain.

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27
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Executive functions; decision making.

Located at the front of the brain.

28
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Directs movements towards a goal or to perform a task.

Located on the top of the brain behind the frontal lobe.

29
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Where visual processing begins.

Located at the back of the brain.

30
Q

Gyri

A

Small protrusions or bumps formed by folding the cerebral cortex.

31
Q

Sulci

A

A groove in brain matter usually a groove found in the neocortex or the cerebellum

32
Q

Grey Matter

A

Areas of the nervous system composed predominantly of cell bodies capillary blood vessels.

Collect and modify information or to support this activity.

33
Q

White Matter

A

Fat sheathed neural axons that form the connections between brain cells.

34
Q

Ventricle

A

One of four cavities in the brain that contains cerebrospinal fluid that cushions the brain.

May help maintain brain metabolism.

35
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Band of white matter that connects the two cerebral hemispheres.

Providing a route for direct communication between them.

36
Q

Glial Cells

A

Aide and modulate neurons activities.

37
Q

Brainstem

A

Central structure of the brain.

Responsible for most unconscious behaviour.

38
Q

What are the three divided regions of the brainstem?

A

Hindbrain, midbrain, diencephalon

39
Q

Hindbrain

A

Controls most voluntary and involuntary movements.

Contains pons, medulla, reticular formation, and, cerebellum.

40
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Associated with sleep wake behaviour and behavioural arousal.

41
Q

What are the four primary functions of cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Buoyancy, protections, chemical stability, prevention of ischemia.

42
Q

Coup

A

Damage on the brain at the site of impact.

43
Q

Countercoup

A

Damage on the brain at the opposite site of impact.

44
Q

What are the two major classes of stroke?

A

Ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke.

45
Q

What makes up the six layers of the neocortex?

A

Information integration - Layers 1-3
Sensory input - Layer 4
Output information - Layer 5-6

46
Q

Medulla

A

Regulates breathing and cardiovascular system.

47
Q

Pons

A

Receives input from cerebellum and transmits it to the rest of the body.

48
Q

Midbrain

A

Central part of the brain that contains neural circuits for hearing, seeing, and orienting movements.

49
Q

Tectum

A

Roof (area above ventricle) of the midbrain.

Visual and auditory processing and orienting movement.

50
Q

Tegmentum

A

Floor (area below the ventricle) of the midbrain.

Movement and pain perception.

51
Q

Superior Colliculus

A

Receives input from the optic nerve.

52
Q

Inferior Colliculus

A

Receives input from auditory pathways

53
Q

Substancia Nigra

A

Initiating movements

54
Q

Diencephalon

A

Integrates sensory and motor information on it’s way to the cerebral cortex

Composed of the thalamus and hypothalamus

55
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Associated with eating, drinking, temperature regulation and sexual behaviour.

56
Q

Thalamus

A

Information from all sensory systems is integrated and projected into appropriate region of the neocortex.

57
Q

Forebrain

A

Advanced cognitive functions such as thinking, planning, and language.

Contains limbic system, basal ganglia and the neocortex.

58
Q

Neocortex

A

Outer layer of the forebrain

Composed of six layers of grey matter

Unique to mammals

Creates our “reality”

59
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Controls voluntary movement

In the forebrain connected to the thalamus and the midbrain.

60
Q

Limbic System

A

Regulates emotions and behaviours that create and require memory

61
Q

What are the three principal structures of the basal ganglia?

A

Caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus

62
Q

What are the principal limbic structures?

A

Amygdala, hippocampus, and limbic (cingulate) cortex

63
Q

Law of Bell and Magendie

A

The general principal that sensory fibres are located dorsally and motor fibres are located ventrally.

Enables neurologists to infer where spinal cord damage has happened.

64
Q

Sympathetic System

A

Part of the autonomic nervous system that mediates involuntary fight or flight responses.

65
Q

Parasympathetic System

A

Part of the autonomic nervous system that acts in opposition to the sympathetic system.

“Rest and digest”

PSYC 375 (7 decks)

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