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Ind. & Soc. > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Science?

A

Any organized body of knowledge.

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2
Q

What is the Scientific Method?

A

Method of explanation. Develops & tests theories about how observable facts or events are related.

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3
Q

What is a Theory?

A

Casual explanation of relationship between observable facts/events.

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4
Q

What is a Hypothesis?

A

Tentative statement about relationship between facts/events.

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5
Q

What is a Variable?

A

Characteristic that varies among different individuals or groups.

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6
Q

What is an Independent Variable?

A

Whatever is hypothesized to be the cause of something. What the experimenter manipulates.

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7
Q

What is a Dependent Variable?

A

Whatever is hypothesized to be the effect of something. Variable that is measured.

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8
Q

What does Significant mean?

A

Not likely to have occurred by chance.

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9
Q

What is Correlation?

A

Significant relationship found in the data.

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10
Q

What is Causation?

A

Significant relationship variable causes changes in another variable.

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11
Q

What is an Inference?

A

A casual statement based on data showing a significant relationship.

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12
Q

What is Spurious?

A

Describing a relationship among facts or events that is not casual but is a product of the fact that both the independent and dependent variables are being caused by a third factor.

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13
Q

What is Deductive Reasoning?

A

To infer from a general theory to a particular case.

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14
Q

What is Inductive Reasoning?

A

To observe one phenomenon or series of phenomenon and make general assertions based on that observation.

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15
Q

What is Empirical?

A

Referring to observable facts and events; what is.

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16
Q

What is Normative?

A

Referring to values or norms; what should be.

17
Q

What Scientific Attitude?

A

Doubt or skepticism about theories until they have been scientifically tested.

18
Q

What is a Universal Statement?

A

A statement that applies to every circumstance.

19
Q

What is a Probabilistic Statement?

A

A statement that applies to some proportion of circumstances.

20
Q

What is an Experiment?

A

A scientific test controlled by the researcher to observe effects of a specific program or treatment.

21
Q

What is the Experimental Group?

A

The group that will participate in the program or undergo the treatment under study.

22
Q

What is the Control Group?

A

Does not undergo treatment, used for comparison.

23
Q

What is a Null Hypothesis?

A

Statement that the program or treatment has no effect.

24
Q

What is the Sample?

A

In survey research, the people chosen to represent the opinions of a larger group.

25
Q

What is the Universe in survey research?

A

The whole group about which information is desired

26
Q

What is a Random Sample?

A

Subset of the population in which there is an equal chance of each person in the universe being selected in the sample.

27
Q

What is the Sampling Error?

A

The range of responses in which a 95% chance exists that the sample reflects the universe. (An equation)

28
Q

What is Public Opinion?

A

The collection of opinions of individuals on topics in survey research.

29
Q

What are Salient Issues?

A

Issues people think about most and hold strong and stable opinions about.

30
Q

What is a Push Poll?

A

A survey that asks questions in order to sway opinion for a particular candidate or position.

31
Q

What is the Halo Effect?

A

The tendency to give “good-citizen” responses to pollsters.

32
Q

What is Field Research?

A

Directly observing social behavior.

33
Q

What is Participant Observation?

A

Researchers both observe and participate in the behavior being studied.

34
Q

What is Ethnography?

A

Systematic description of a society’s customary behaviors, believes, and attitudes.

35
Q

What is a Case Study?

A

An in-depth investigation of a particular event.

36
Q

What is the Sociological Perspective?

A

What we do and how we think are the result of exposure to human groups.

Ind. & Soc. (9 decks)

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