Chapter 2 Flashcards
Case study
Study done on one subject
Advantages: study in depth
Disadvantages: Unknown if results are general or specific
Psychological test:
Definition: standardized personality test on behavior
Norms:
Reliability:
Validity:
Surveys
A list of questions to gain information on a subject.
Advantages: short, quick
Disadvantages: leading questions, and volunteer bias, (polar opposite opinions without middle ground.)
Correlational studies
-Positive: / (higher x, higher y) example: smoking and lung cancer
- Negative: \ (higher x, lower y) example: years in orphanage and IQ scores
Test must be measured on a scale of:
~ 0-1 or 0~ -10 score
Naturalistic observation
Observation with a reason.
Pros: seeing “natural” behavior
Cons: no control
Laboratory observation
Observations done in a controlled environment
Pros: control
Cons: not always “natural”
Scientific evidence:what makes research scientific?
- precision (nothing vague)
- skepticism
- empirical evidence
- openness (share findings)
- prediction (can be proven true or false)
On test
Operational definition:
Specifies how to observe and measure the variable.
On test
Peer review:
Helps ensure the research meets scientific standards
On test
Arithmetic (math) mean:
Add up individual scores (numbers) and divide by the total of scores.
On test
Standard deviation:
Tells how clustered (clumped) or spread (thin) individual scores are around the mean.
On test
Significance tests:
- Statistical tests that show how likely results were due to chance
- p
Cross-sectional study:
Compare different age groups at once.
On test
Longitudinal study:
Comparing the same people over time.
On test
Experimental methods:
- The only research method that can really show cause and effect.
~cause -the independent variable is manipulated
(what is experimented)
~ effect- the dependent variable is measured (what is affected)
