Chapter 2

Question 1

Ontogeny

Answer 1

Embryonic development of an organism as well as any developmental changes that occur after birth or hatching

Question 2

Von Baer’s Law

Answer 2

Features that develop earliest are the oldest phylogenetically.
Features that develop later in ontogeny are of more recent phylogenetic development
Features common to all members of a major taxonomic group develop earlier than special features

Question 3

Teleology

Answer 3

The idea that characteristics are develop because they are needed

Question 4

Three components of the synthetic theory of evolution

Answer 4

Organic Evolution
Genetic Diversity
Theory of Natural Selection

Question 5

Organic Evolution

Answer 5

Organisms today are not necessarily the same as those that lived in the past

Question 6

Genetic Diversity

Answer 6

All members of a population demonstrate genetic variation - other sources of genetic variability include sexual REPRO. Meoisis, recombination, and mutation

Question 7

Theory of natural selection and its two authors

Answer 7

Wallace and Darwin
Genetic variability exists in sexually reproduction populations
Some members of the population may be better fit for a given environment than others
These ind. have a better chance of survival and of having fertile offspring
Genotype a of these individuals will become more frequent in the population over time
If the environment does not change, then the population may achieve genetic equilibrium

Question 8

Acquired characteristics and author

Answer 8

Baptiste Lemark

Organism develops anatomic changes in response to specific pressures it encounters. I need to fly so I get wings

Question 9

Analogous

Answer 9

Similarity in function but not origin

Question 10

Homology

Answer 10

Similarity in origin but not function

Question 11

Homoplasy

Answer 11

Similar in appearance but not origin

Question 12

Convergence

Answer 12

Independent development of similar characters in two separate lineages - bats and birds have wings

Question 13

Parallelism

Answer 13

Independent development of similar characters in lineages that inherit the potential for development from a common ancestor

Question 14

Paedogenesis

Answer 14

Larval form does not metamorphose- becomes adult

Question 15

Neoteny

Answer 15

Type of paedomorphosis: adult form retains one or more larval characteristics

Question 16

Geological period when vertebrates first appeared

Answer 16

Cambrian - 570 mya

Question 17

Characteristics of hypothetical common ancestor to echinoderms and chordates

Answer 17

Sessile or semi sessile 
Deuterostomous 
Coelomate 
Bilateral symmetry 
Ciliated larval form 
Lophophorates 
Ciliary feeders

Question 18

Major anatomical features of Amphioxus

Answer 18

Elongated, flattened and tapered at both ends
Lack paired fins/limbs and jaws
Well-developed notochord but no vertebral column
Lack cartilage and bone
Myomeres

Question 19

List major characteristics of urochordates and compare adult and larval forms

Answer 19

Filter feed using pharyngeal slits
Tadpole like larval state becomes sessile bag thing
Adults lack notochord - larval have all three chordate characteristics

Question 20

Clade

Answer 20

A monophyletic group made up of an ancestor and all its descendents

Question 21

Cladistics

Answer 21

Phylogenetic systematics based on evolutionary lineages call clades

Question 22

Synapomorphies

Answer 22

Derived characters that are shared by several lineages

Question 23

Paraphyletic group

Answer 23

Includes common ancestor and some but not all of it descendants

Question 24

Polyphyletic group

Answer 24

Includes descendents but not the ancestor

Question 25

Apomorphy

Answer 25

Derived character that is different form the ancestral condition