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ENGR 202 Final > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what human health effects are the ones that are of greatest concern

A

the ones that produce severe illness or death

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2
Q

How are health effects classified

A
  1. Acute
  2. Chronic
  3. Carcinogens
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3
Q

Acute effects?

A

exposure causes an immediate response

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4
Q

Chronic effects?

A

long term exposure to certain pollutants

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5
Q

Carcinogens?

A

uncontrolled cell division

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6
Q

Clean Air Act

A

calling for study of air pollution effects

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7
Q

there are 2 air quality standards from the NAAQ, name them

A
  1. primary standard = human health

2. secondary standard = human welfare

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8
Q

what are state implementation plants

A

imposed emission limits on existing sources of pollutants

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9
Q

what is particulate matter

A

mixture of small solid or liquid particles suspended in air

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10
Q

how is PM given off?

A

by fuel combustion and most industrial manufacturing processes

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11
Q

what can PM cause

A

respiratory and cardiovascular disease, damage to lung tissue, carcinogens and premature death

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12
Q

particles under what size are small enough to seep inside lungs

A

under PM10

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13
Q

what is the standard size for particulate matter

A

can’t be less than 2.5 microns

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14
Q

what is sulfur dioxide released from?

A

the combustion of coal, oil, metal smelthing and other industrial processes

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15
Q

how is carbon monoxide produced/

A

when fossil fuels are not completely combusted

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16
Q

what is main source of carbon monoxide

A

cars

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17
Q

how is nitrogen dioxide formed

A

fuel combustion->high temps->NO->oxidizes in air->No2

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18
Q

how is ozone formed?

A

complex chemical reactions in the atmosphere involving NOx and hydrocarbon gases

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19
Q

how is ozone triggered

A

by sunlight

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20
Q

what effects does lead have?

A

neurological damage and bad effects on organs. it also bio accumulates in the blood, bone and soft tissue

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21
Q

how is lead pollution caused

A

by lead smelting and manufacturing processes

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22
Q

List the criteria air pollutants

A
  1. PM
  2. Sulfur dioxide
  3. Carbon Monoxide
  4. Nitrogen Dioxide
  5. Ozone
  6. Lead
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23
Q

what are hazardous air pollutants?

A

released in much smaller quantities than criteria air pollutants but effects can be very severe

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24
Q

what is the toxic release inventory

A

reports on annual mass emissions of toxic substances from specific facilities

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25
Q

what is pH of Acid rain

A

5.6.

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26
Q

where does acid rain come from

A

emissions of SO2 from power plants. the so2 is released high into the air through tall chimineys, the air pollutants travel long distance and it transfomrs into sulfate particles->acid rain.

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27
Q

what is stratospheric ozone depletion

A

a thin layer of ozone molecus in the stratosphere absorb high energy solar radiation. This is sufficient to protect from the more intense radiation but not enough to stop destroying protein and DNA molecules.

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28
Q

what do we now undestand the ozone to be depleted by?

A

CFCs, chlorofluorocarbons, coming from refrigeration, AC etc..

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29
Q

why are CFS so dangerous

A

because they are so stable that they can stay in the air for many years.

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30
Q

what did the montreal protocol call for

A

the complete eradication of CFCs by 2000.

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31
Q

what are greenhouse gases?

A

gases that trap heat in the atmostphere

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32
Q

what are the main concerns with GHGs?

A

sea level rising, increased tropical storms, increased drought

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33
Q

name the 2 primary GHG and 2 secondary ones

A

primary: CO2, CH4
Secondary: N2O, Halocarbons

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34
Q

what does the global warming potential indicate?

A

used to estimate CO2 equivalence of different gases

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35
Q

which is the greatest GHG?

A

Carbon dioxide

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36
Q

two sources of waters

A
  1. surface water

2. ground water

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37
Q

what is a point source?

A

identifiable discharge point (from a pipe)

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38
Q

non-point source?

A

runoff from agricultural lands, from atmosphere

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39
Q

List Major water contaminants

A
  1. Pathogens
  2. organic waste
  3. nutrients
  4. toxic organic chemicals
  5. toxic metals
  6. sediments and suspended solids
  7. acidity
  8. salts
  9. heat
40
Q

what are pathogens

A

disease causing agents such as bacteria or virsues

41
Q

describe organic waste

A
  • it is the main source of oxygen depleting subtances

- most common type is food waste and excrement

42
Q

what is biological oxygen demand

A

demand of oxygen by bacteria

43
Q

what are the two main nutrients needed to support vegetation

A

phosphorus and nitrogen

44
Q

what is eutrophication

A

water that has too much algae

45
Q

where are these types of nutrients found ? (2 things)

A

in detergent and fertilizers

46
Q

why are these nutrients actually bad for waterss?

A

they cause eutrophication, which makes that there are too much algae so it causes over enrichment of waters, crowds out other life and the algae ends up staying on the surface and killing the body of water

47
Q

what are toxic organic compounds?

A

synthetic organic compounds harmful to humans and animals, can be carcinogens or mutagens

48
Q

what is bad about pesticides?

A

they do not break down and enter the food chain at the bottom and bioaccumulate

49
Q

what are volatile organic compounds

A

carcinogens that enter waterways from discharge of industrial sources

50
Q

true or false, VOC levels are greater in surface waters

A

false, due to evaporation, there isn’t much VOC in surface water

51
Q

where do toxic metals com from

A

outfalls from metal smelting and runoff from mining

52
Q

describe atmospheric deposition?

A

mercury is released from high temp processes. as it cools condensed mercury will settle on nearby surface waters.

53
Q

what is siltation?

A

the suspension of small sediment particles in water

54
Q

what does a high level of total suspended solids in water doo?

A

blocks the necessary sunlight for aquatic vegetation to survive which supplies the oxygen.

55
Q

what are the main causes of silatation and sedimentaiton?

A

mining construction farming

56
Q

under what pH will fish die?

A

5

57
Q

main source of acid pollution

A

drainage and runoff from mining operations, as well as acid rain

58
Q

what are salts?

A

compounds that produce cations in solution, which from with anions to create salts

59
Q

how are salts measured?

A

according to total dissolved solids

60
Q

human sources of salts?

A

industrial and municipal runoffs

61
Q

what is the main source of heat pollution in water?

A

waste from hydro-electric power plants

62
Q

why is warmer water harmful? (3 things)

A
  • warm water has lower dissolved oxygen content
  • at higher temperature, there is a greater need from more oxygen due to higher metabolic rate.
  • it also creates plume which can travel in the water and kill bacteria
63
Q

in what year was the safe water drinking act established

A

1974

64
Q

what did the SWDA stipulate?

A

it established maximum contaminant levels for 2 things

Total coliforms: much greater limit
Fecal coliforms: 0 tolerance

65
Q

in what year was the federal water pollution control act

A

1972

66
Q

describe FWPCA

A

discharge of pollutants into navigable water must be eliminated

67
Q

what is the 2 main sources of pollution for groundwater

A
  1. seepage of petroleum compounds from leaking underwater storage tanks (gas stations)
  2. nitrates
68
Q

when was the resource conservation and recovery act?

A

1976

69
Q

what are the two classes of solid waste

A
  1. hazardous

2. non hazardous

70
Q

what are the 4 main characteristics of hazardous waste?

A
  1. ignitability
  2. corrosivity
  3. reactivitiy
  4. toxicity
71
Q

what is secondary hazardous waste

A

when residue from the original hazardous waste causes new waste

72
Q

examples of non hazardous waste

A

trash, municipal solid waste, industrial waste

73
Q

2 attributes of radioactive waste

A
  1. harmful effects are by radiation, not chemical mechanics

2. remain dangerous for hundreds/thousands of yrs

74
Q

high level waste

A

spent fuel from nuclear reactors. very long half life, very dangerous. no permanent method of disposal

75
Q

where is the only safe place to dispose of high level nuclear waste

A

Yucca mountain in nevada

76
Q

what is transuranic waste (4 things)

A
  • waste that is heavier than uranium.
  • not as reactive as high level.
  • result of weapon production.
  • strored in metal drums
77
Q

3 things about low level waste

A

-any waste that isn’t high level or transuranic
-80% comes from civilian sector
–need protective
clothing
-3 classes (A to C from least to most dangerous)

78
Q

2 things about uranium mill tailings

A
  • largest volume of radioactive waste

- sand like residue from uranium processing

79
Q

3 types of natural resources

A
  • food
  • energy
  • raw materials
80
Q

2 catergories of natural resources

A
  1. renewable

2. non renewable

81
Q

3 main categories of toxic organic chemicals

A

1) carcinogens
2. mutagens
3. teratogens

82
Q

name one agreement that wasn’t successful and say why? then name 1 agreement that was successful

A

kyoto agreement, becuase china and india never signed and Canada didn’t meet their expectations. Montreal protocol, signed by 172 countries and they did manage to phase out all CFCs

83
Q

what are the 3 levels of oxygenation in bodies of water

A

oligotrophic -> mesotrophic -> eutrophic

84
Q

what where the first and only 2 hazardous air pollutants before 1990?

A

asbestos and benzene

85
Q

what is the “good ozone”?

A

10-40 km from the surface of earth, we wouldn’t be able to survive without it

86
Q

what are the most severe types of impacts on humans and least severe?

A

most severe: pre-natal defects

least severe: annoyances

87
Q

what are the 3 types of toxic metals?

A
  1. mercury
  2. arsenic
  3. lead
88
Q

what can happen if there is too much oxygen in the water? (hint: disease)

A

it can cause baby-blue disease which is a birth defect

89
Q

what are the 4 levels of toxic metals?

A
  1. toxic in any concentration/amount
  2. there is a range of toxicity
  3. toxic only in high doses
  4. harmless
90
Q

what is the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure?

A

a procedure used to determine whether a substance surpasses the 4 criteria of a toxic substance

91
Q

what is the standard for # of geomembranes in landfills in canada

A

2

92
Q

what is the main problem with using incineration to dispose of hazardous material?

A

it creates dangerous ashes that can go into the air

93
Q

what are the 3 types of radiation rays

A

alpha-least dangerous
beta-2nd most dangerous
gamma-most dangerous

94
Q

what is the main sources of oxygen depletion in water?

A

organic waste

95
Q

what % of underground storage tanks are leaking

A

12%

ENGR 202 Final (9 decks)

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