Chapter 14

Question 1

how to define envrionmetal risk

Answer 1

the probability of a specific consequence

Question 2

what if many different types of risk may occur

Answer 2

risk=(probability of consequence)*(size of loss)

Question 3

2 categories of health risks? (in order of priority)

Answer 3

1. risk of contracting cancer

2. all other human ilnesses and diseases

Question 4

Hazard assessment steps

Answer 4

1. determine whether there is a potential problem from chemical
2. determine whether exposure can cause illness

Question 5

what are the 4 steps to risk assessment?

Answer 5

1. Hazard assessment
2. Dose-response assessment
3. Exposure assessment
4. Risk characterization

Question 6

chronic daily intake formula

Answer 6

CDI=average daily dose/body weight

Question 7

Incremental risk

Answer 7

calculating the risk of getting cancer from a given exposure. multiply the CDI by potency factor

Question 8

what is the level of acceptable risk?

Answer 8

1 in million to 1 in 10000 or less

Question 9

what is serious risk?

Answer 9

1/1000 or more

Question 10

what is the reference dose?

Answer 10

parameter to assess the risk of a non-carcnigenic chemical

Question 11

reference dose formula?

Answer 11

RfD=NOAEL/(UF*MF)
where UF is the uncertainty factor, MF is the modifying factor, NOAEL is the dosage of chemical below which no adverse health effects are observed

Question 12

what are the 4 factors which increase the uncertainty factor by factor of 10.

Answer 12

• extrapolating data from animals to humans
• extrapolating data from subchronic substances to chronic ones
• variable responses in the affected population
• lack of data

Question 13

what is the hazard quotient?

Answer 13

compare the actual estimated daily intake to the reference dose

Question 14

T/F, any does less than or equal to the RfD does not pose a health concern

Answer 14

T

Question 15

hazard quotient formula

Answer 15

HQ=ADD/RfD

where ADD is the average daily dose

Question 16

what are 4 options for dealing with unacceptable risk?

Answer 16

1. eliminate or reduce the source
2. exposure pathway can be reduced/eliminated
3. human exposure can be reduced/eliminated
4. effects can be treated/compensated for after they occur

Question 17

describe the different influence diagrams

Answer 17

1. oval: chance events
2. rectangle: decisions based on the influence of factors
3. rounded corner rectangle: calculations and constant values
4. Hexagon:objective (optimization-minimize cost and risk to maximize benefit