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PSY 1001 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Based on our descriptions

A

Goals of science: prediction

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2
Q

Using out descriptions and ability to predict to create better environments

A

Goals of science: control

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3
Q

Describing the world as it is

A

Descriptive approach

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4
Q

Watching behavior unfold in the real world

A

Naturalistic observation

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5
Q

Using questionnaires and other means to determine attitudes

A

Surveys

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6
Q

Finding out things about an individual helps us understand some issue or characteristic

A

Case studies

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7
Q

Surveys can provide lots of information
Case studies allow us to study rare or unusual phenomenon
Case studies take a long time and don’t allow us to infer causation

A

Positives and negatives of descriptive methods

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8
Q

Use statistics to explore connections between characteristics and events

A

Correlations

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9
Q

1.0

A

Strong correlation

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10
Q

-1.0

A

Strong negative correlation

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11
Q

Seeing a correlation where none exist, an illusion

A

Illusory correlation

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12
Q

Manipulating events to determine cause and effect relationships

A

Experimental method

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13
Q
  1. Manipulates a variable to determine effects
  2. Done under controlled conditions
  3. Determine cause and effect relationships
  4. Likely to occur after we have gathered information via other research methods
A

Four features of experiments

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14
Q

Measure of the central scores in a data set, or where a group tends to cluster

A

Central tendency

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15
Q

Average

A

Mean

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16
Q

Middle score of data

A

Median

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17
Q

Where group tends to cluster

A

Mode

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18
Q

Measure of dispersion that takes into account how far each data point is from the mean. Is a ball curve

A

Standard deviation

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19
Q

Accurate measurements are important

A

Goals of science: description

20
Q

Based on our descriptions

A

Goals of Science: Prediction

21
Q

Using our descriptions and ability to predict to create better environments

A

Goals of Science: Control

22
Q

Describing the world as it is

A

Descriptive approach

23
Q

Watching behavior unfold in the real world

A

Descriptive approach: Naturalistic observation

24
Q

Using questionnaires to gather information

A

Descriptive methods: Surveys

25
Q

Finding out things about an individual helps us understand some issue or characteristic.

A

Descriptive methods: Case studies

26
Q

Manipulating events to determine cause and effect relationships

A

Experimental method

27
Q

Mathematical methods that allow us to determine whether we can generalize findings from our sample to the full population.

A

Inferential statistics

28
Q

The process of quantifying observations on psychological variables for applied or research purposes.

A

Measurement

29
Q

Consistency of measurement. Reliability is necessary for validity because we need to measure something consistently before we can measure it well. i.e. Test-retest reliability

A

Reliability

30
Q

Extent to which a measure assesses what it purports to measure

31
Q

Informed consent
Protection from harm and discomfort
Deception and debriefing

A

Ethical Principles in Psychology

32
Q

Mental shortcut that helps us to streamline our thinking and make sense of our world. Humans use heuristics to have a shortcut in thinking.

33
Q

Heuristic that involved estimating the likelihood of an event based on the ease which it comes to our minds. i.e. asking about number of murders in Detroit vs. Michigan

A

Availability Heuristic

34
Q

Heuristic that involves judging the probability of an event by its superficial similarity to an event.

A

Representative Heuristic

35
Q

The tendency to seek out evidence that supports our beliefs and deny, dismiss, or distort evidence that contradicts them

A

Confirmation bias

36
Q

How common a characteristic or behavior is in the general population

A

Base rates

37
Q

Systematic errors in thinking

A

Cognitive bias

38
Q

Tendency to overestimate how well we could have successfully forecasted known outcomes

A

Hindsight bias

39
Q

Tendency to overestimate our ability to make correct predictions

A

Overconfidence

40
Q

Part of the nervous system that contains the brain and spinal cord that controls mind and behavior. Sensory info comes in and decisions come out

A

Central nervous system

41
Q

Nerves in the body that extend outside the CNS

A

Peripheral nervous system

42
Q

Fight, flight, feeling, and reproductive behavior

43
Q

Involuntary movements and sensation. Rest and digest. Reflexes

44
Q

Rest, energy storage

A

Parasympathetic

45
Q

Action, energy mobilization

A

Sympathetic

46
Q

The brain is not fully developed until 25 years of age

A

Why car insurance is higher for youth

PSY 1001 (4 decks)

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