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EXSC 463 Exam 1 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the only substrate that can be used by the nervous system?

A

glucose

-low blood glucose = hypoglycemia, symptoms of depressed nervous system

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2
Q

What is the purpose of the nervous system?

A

primary control, regulation, and communication

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3
Q

What are the 3 basic functions of the nervous system?

A
  1. Sensory- monitors change internally and externally
  2. Process- interprets sensory input and coordinates response
  3. Motor- excites and inhibits effector organs
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4
Q

Effector organs?

A
  • target organs
  • stimulated or inhibited by the motor neurons of the nervous system or by hormones released by endocrine glands
  • include all visceral organs and skeletal muscle
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5
Q

Neuron?

A

basic structure of the nervous system, one nerve cell

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6
Q

T/F

All neurons are unidirectional.

A

true

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7
Q

Nerve impulses are transmitted as _____ ______.

A

action potentials

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8
Q

Synapse?

A

the junction between two neurons

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9
Q

What happens when a neuron depolarizes?

A

it releases neurotransmitters, which bind to a matching receptor causing an EPSP or IPSP

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10
Q

Sensory (afferent) neurons?

A

transmit impulses from receptor to CNS

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11
Q

Motor (efferent) neurons?

A

transmit impulses from CNS to effector organs

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12
Q

Interneurons?

A

connect sensory and motor neurons within the CNS

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13
Q

Besides bone, what protects the brain and spinal cord?

A

meninges and CSF

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14
Q

Why does the outer portion of the cerebral cortex appear gray?

A
  • lack of myelin sheath

- contains cell bodies

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15
Q

Function of cerebellum?

A

produce smooth and coordinated movements

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16
Q

What composes the Diencephalon?

A

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

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17
Q

Thalamus function?

A
  • sensory integration center

- receives sensory info and relays it to appropriate portion of cerebrum

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18
Q

Hypothalamus function?

A

maintain homeostasis through control of autonomic control centers, emotional response, body temp, food intake, water balance, thirst, sleep cycles, endocrine function

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19
Q

What composes the brain stem?

A

midbrain
pons
medulla

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20
Q

brain stem function?

A

relay info between brain and spinal cord

21
Q

pons function?

A

bridge from brain to spinal cord, helps control respiration

22
Q

medulla function?

A
  • control centers for cardiovascular and respiratory systems
  • force and rate of contraction of cardiac muscle
  • vasoconstriction and dilation of blood vessels to regulate blood pressure
23
Q

Nerves?

A

axons of many sensory or motor neurons arranged in bundles (fascicles) encased in layers of connective tissue, blood vessels in between fascicles

24
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves?

A

31

25
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves?

A

12

-they supply special senses and skeletal muscles of head and neck

26
Q

Ganglia?

A

clusters of neuron cell bodies

27
Q

Where are sensory neuron cell bodies located?

A

Dorsal Root Ganglia

28
Q

Where are motor neuron cell bodies located?

A

sympathetic chain ganglia and collateral ganglia

29
Q

What is the function of ganglia?

A

allows a single neuron to enter and synapse with many other neurons, increases efficiency

30
Q

Sensory info comes from what two general areas?

A
  1. visceral sensory nervous system- visceral effector organs, smooth muscle, special senses, blood and lymph vessels, cardiac muscle, glands
  2. somatic sensory- skin, skeletal muscle, muscle, joints
31
Q

mechanoreceptors?

A

detect movement, stretch, tension, pressure, and touch

-pacinian- rapid adapting, rufinnis- slow adapting

32
Q

Chemoreceptors?

A

detect changes in O2, CO2, glucose, pH, electrolytes

33
Q

Thermoreceptors?

A

detect changes in temp

34
Q

What are the two main divisions of the motor PNS?

A
  1. autonomic

2. somatic

35
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system control?

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, visceral organs

36
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  1. sympathetic

2. parasympathetic

37
Q

T/F

Autonomic control is involuntary.

A

True

38
Q

Dual Innervation?

A

organs are innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic

39
Q

Antagonistic control?

A

dual innervation that have opposite effects, activity of organ is related to the net effect of the stimulation, more dominant response wins

40
Q

Sympathetic is considered _____ and parasympathetic is _____.

A
  • fight or flight, excitatory

- rest and digest, inhibitory

41
Q

What is the advantage of antagonistic control?

A

provides precise control of the organ (ex. heart rate)

42
Q

What is the initial increase in heart rate during exercise due to? further increases?

A
  • initial- withdrawal of parasympathetic

- further- increase in sympathetic

43
Q

What effector organs do not have dual innervation by the autonomic system? what type of control is this?

A
  • smooth muscle in blood vessels, only sympathetic

- Tonic control- only controlled by one system

44
Q

How can sympathetic stimulation cause two different responses at two different locations?

A

depends on the neurotransmitter that is released and the receptor it binds

45
Q

Function of somatic motor nervous system?

A
  • Excitatory impulses from spinal cord to skeletal muscle
  • voluntary
  • reflexes
46
Q

Does the somatic system have dual innervation?

A

no, only single innervation which is always excitatory

47
Q

Contraction?

A

development of tension

48
Q

Contraction of skeletal muscle results in what?

A

stabilization or mobilization of the joint

49
Q

Where does inhibition of skeletal muscle take place?

A

CNS

EXSC 463 Exam 1 (12 decks)

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