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EXSC 463 Exam 1 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Plasticity?

A

muscle fibers adapt to the habitual level of demand placed on them

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2
Q

Adaptation is a process of ________.

A

Remodeling

-form new mitochondria, more enzymes, more capillaries, more proteins

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3
Q

Remodeling occurs as long as ______.

A

training stimulus occurs

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4
Q

What makes the remodeling process more efficient?

A

when there is optimal nutrition and rest

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5
Q

T/F

All fiber types undergo some training adaptation.

A

True

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6
Q

Hypertrophy?

A

the CSA of muscle will enlarge due to an enlargement of the individual muscle fibers

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7
Q

What causes hypertrophy?

A

chronic exercise training, caused mainly by resistance training but is also affected by aerobic exercise

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8
Q

Myogenesis?

A

development of muscle tissue occurs during embyronic development, postnatal muscle growth, and as a mature adult

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9
Q

What cells play an important role in the growth of adult skeletal muscle resulting from physical training?

A

Myogenic precursor cells (satellite cells)

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10
Q

What activates satellite cells?

A

activated in response to muscle damage from injury, stretching, exercise

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11
Q

How do satellite cells repair muscle damage?

A

they donate their nuclei to the fibers, which helps them regenerate fiber, growth of CSA, not length

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12
Q

What fiber type has a greater number of satellite cells? why?

A
  • ST
  • b/c of their greater number of capillaries
  • ST fibers have a broad range of activities, needed more for repair
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13
Q

How does the immune system respond the exercise?

A

Macrophages are attracted to the injured fiber, phagocytosis of debris, inflammation for repair and waste product removal

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14
Q

How does hormonal response contribute to hypertrophy?

A
  • cortisol is released from adrenal cortex, stimulates the breakdown of proteins, increases the availability of amino acids for other functions
  • growth hormone stimulates IGF which promotes satellite cell activation
  • testosterone increases protein synthesis
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15
Q

The hypertrophy of skeletal muscle following exercise induced overload is a result of the combined effects of what?

A

immune, hormone, growth factor, satellite cells

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16
Q

What increases does hypertrophy cause?

A
  • size of fibers
  • number of myofibrils
  • amount of actin, myosin
  • cytoplasm
  • capacity to exert force
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17
Q

Hyperplasia?

A

increase in CSA due to an increased number of fibers

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18
Q

What causes hyperplasia?

A

activated satellite cells fuse together forming new fibers instead of fusing with existing fibers (hypertrophy)

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19
Q

What is the accepted mechanism in humans for increase in muscle mass?

A

hypertrophy

20
Q

Atrophy?

A
  • decrease in CSA of fiber without a decrease in number of fibers
  • reduced protein synthesis, increased protein breakdown
  • it is reversible
21
Q

What causes atrophy?

A
  • inactivity
  • aging
  • immobilization due to injury
  • chronic disease
  • space flight
22
Q

Why do males increase muscle mass at puberty? why do females increase body fat at puberty?

A
  • testosterone

- estrogen

23
Q

What causes the gender gap to narrow?

A
  • when you look at strength in relative terms, not absolute

- differences in strength is due to differences in muscle mass, not function of fibers

24
Q

What happens to fiber type with aging?

A

reduce type II, increase type I due to loss of high threshold motor neurons

25
Q

Muscle power declines ______ than muscle strength with advancing age.

A

earlier

26
Q

As humans age, there is an ______ in connective tissue in skeletal muscle and a ______ in muscle fibers.

A

increase

decrease

27
Q

What can reduce sarcopenia?

A

regular exercise to develop strength

28
Q

What are three neural adaptations to training?

A
  1. motor unit recruitment- increased
  2. motor unit synchronization- coordinated firing
  3. rate coding- increase frequency
29
Q

Strength training is associated with what muscle adaptation?

A
  • hypertrophy

- increased muscle mass

30
Q

Aerobic training is associated with what muscle adaptation? what others?

A
  • mitochondrial biogenesis- increased mitochondrial number and mass
  • oxidative enzyme capacity
  • angiogenesis- increase capillaries
  • increase in myoglobin
31
Q

Can muscle fibers change type?

A

fibers lie on a continuum so they are able to transform from one type to another

32
Q

What is the general adaptation in fiber type as a result of training?

A
  • decrease in hybrid types and an increase in pure types

- sedentary = hybrid types

33
Q

Which type will adapt the least?why?

A

IIx

b/c they are least abundant and least recruited

34
Q

Aerobic exercise results in increases of what fiber types?

A
  • type I and decrease in hybrid types

- fast to slow adaptation

35
Q

What improvements will be seen with aerobic training?

A
  • max amount of oxygen that can be utilized (VO2 max)

- increase in lactate threshold and performance

36
Q

Interval training?

A
  • repeated bouts of high intensity exercise for brief periods
  • usually aerobic
  • no visible hypertrophy
37
Q

What is the benefit of interval training?

A

time efficient strategy to induce training adaptations normally associated with endurance training

38
Q

Initial increases in muscular strength and endurance during the 1st eight weeks of resistance training is due to what?

A

neural adaptations

39
Q

When does hypertrophy occur after starting resistance training?

A

first 4-8 weeks

40
Q

What is needed for maximal muscle fiber recruitment, hypertrophy, and strength gains when doing resistance training?

A

progressive overload

41
Q

There is a _____ correlation between muscle strength and CSA.

A

strong

42
Q

What causes increased muscle strength without increasing CSA?

A

neural factors

43
Q

Resistance training results in increases of what fiber types?

A
  • increase in IIa
  • reduction in hybrid IIa/IIx types
  • slow to fast adaptation
44
Q

What is the progression in strength adaptation throughout the training process?

A
  • 1st week- neural adaptations
  • up to 4th week- increase in Desmin
  • after 4th week- increase CSA
  • after 8th week- increase myosin heavy chain expression
45
Q

What results from detraining, physical inactivity?

A
  • atrophy
  • reduction of adaptations gained
  • decrease in capillaries
  • decrease in mitochondria number and size

in as little as one to two weeks

46
Q

What causes increase in type IIx fibers?

A
  • removal of exercise stimulus

- bed rest

47
Q

Why do type IIx fibers increase when inactive?

A

it is the default fiber type b/c preserving its functional characteristics following periods of detraining maintains a functional reserve and an ability to respond to fight or flight situations

EXSC 463 Exam 1 (12 decks)

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