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EXSC 463 Exam 1 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Agonist?

A

muscle that has primary responsibility to produce movement

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2
Q

Antagonist?

A

muscle that opposes the agonist

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3
Q

Synergist?

A

muscle that assists the agonist to produce the desired movement or stabilize a joint to minimize additional movement

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4
Q

Muscle tone?

A

continual state of partial muscle contraction at rest
-muscle fibers take turns contracting, keeping a constant tension, preventing fatigue, stabilize joints, and keeping constant body temp

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5
Q

Endurance runners have more ____ fibers.

A

ST

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6
Q

Sprinters have more _____ fibers.

A

FT

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7
Q

Static contraction?

A

contraction of intact whole muscle that does not result in movement

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8
Q

Dynamic contraction?

A

produces joint rotation, movement

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9
Q

Dynamic concentric?

A

intact whole muscle shortens during contraction, responsible for acceleration, positive work

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10
Q

Dynamic eccentric?

A

intact whole muscle lengthens, responsible for deceleration, negative work

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11
Q

Compared to concentric, eccentric contractions produce ____ force.

A

more

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12
Q

What type of contraction results in muscle damage?

A

eccentric

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13
Q

Z disc streaming?

A

sarcomeres appear smeared

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14
Q

Symptoms of DOMS?

A

loss of strength, pain, muscle tenderness, swelling

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15
Q

Creatine Kinase? During DOMS?

A
  • enzyme involved in ATP-PC metabolic pathway
  • increased levels in blood during DOMS
  • also called CPK
  • elevated CPK levels indicate muscle damage
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16
Q

How to treat DOMS?

A
  • ice cold bath
  • alternating hot and cold baths
  • anti inflamm medication
  • muscle massage
  • light exercise to increase blood flow
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17
Q

Repeated bout effect?

A

if exercise results in damage, repeating the same exercise a few days later results in less soreness, an adaptation occurred

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18
Q

Neural theory?

A

during repeated bout, there is either an increase in ST motor unit recruitment or activation of larger motor pool that distributes the workload

19
Q

Mechanical adaptation theory?

A

mechanical adaptations occur to the non-contractile elements of the muscle, structural proteins and connective tissue

20
Q

Cellular theory?

A

adaptations occur in contractile machinery of muscle, namely longitudinal addition of sarcomeres and changes excitation contraction coupling and inflammatory response to eccentric exercise

21
Q

T/F

DOMS is the pain immediately after exercise.

A

False

this is metabolic

22
Q

Strength?

A

maximal amount of force a specific muscle or group can exert

23
Q

How can strength be assessed during dynamic contractions?

A

1 rep max

24
Q

How can strength be assessed during static contractions?

A

strain gauges while pushing against immovable objects

25
Q

Muscular endurance?

A

ability of skeletal muscle to make repeated contractions over a period of time

  • usually refers to moderate to high intensity anaerobic exercises
  • resistance to fatigue, ability to sustain work
26
Q

How can muscular endurance be assessed?

A

measuring how long a given intensity of exercise can be maintained or by measuring the decline of performance over a period of time

27
Q

T/F

Muscular strength and endurance can be expressed in absolute and relative terms.

A

True

one person lifts more and is stronger absolutely, other person lifts more in relation to body weight and is stronger relatively

28
Q

Power?

A

rate of doing work, work done per time, describes intensity

29
Q

What are some causes of muscle fatigue?

A
  • intensity and duration
  • metabolic pathway utilized
  • fiber composition of muscle
  • hydration
  • nutrition
  • fitness level
30
Q

Exercise induced fatigue is due to _______.

A

muscles inability to resynthesize the required amount of ATP at the rate and intensity of contraction

31
Q

Neural factors of the force generated by contracting intact whole muscle?

A
  • number, type and size of motor units recruited

- frequency of stimulation

32
Q

Mechanical factors of the force generated by contracting intact whole muscle?

A
  • muscle arrangement
  • length tension relationship
  • force velocity relationship
33
Q

As intensity of exercise increases, ____ motor units are recruited in addition to the ___ units already active.

A

FT

ST

34
Q

Number Coding?

A

intact whole muscle can be graded by increasing or decreasing the number of motor units recruited

35
Q

Rate Coding?

A

force of contraction of a motor unit can be increased above that of a single twitch by increasing the frequency of stimulation

36
Q

How can the force produced by skeletal muscle contractions be graded?

A
  • increasing number of motor units
  • size
  • type
37
Q

Angle of Pinnation?

A

angle that fibers are arranged in relationship to longitudinal axis of the muscle, the direction that the muscle transmits force of contraction of the skeleton

38
Q

When the number of sarcomeres arranged in parallel increases, the amount of force generated by the muscle _____.

A

increases

39
Q

Muscles arranged with angles of pinnation generally produce _____ force than muscles arranged in parallel.

A

more

40
Q

The greatest force of contraction occurs at a joint of angle of _______.

A

90-120 degrees

41
Q

As the external load increases, the velocity of shortening will _______.

A

decrease

42
Q

When the external load equals the force produced by the muscle, ________.

A

there will be no shortening, static, velocity is zero

43
Q

More force can be produced at ______ velocities of movement.

A

slower

EXSC 463 Exam 1 (12 decks)

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