Chapter 2 Flashcards
what are factors affecting alcohol and drug use
body size gender fatigue or illness empty stomach mindset
Addcition
is derived from the latin word adducer, which refers to the process of binding to things. Today, the word largely refers to a chronic adherence (attachment) to drugs.
DSM-5
combines substance abuse and substance dependence into a single condition called substance use disorder
substance use disorder
substance abuse and substance dependence into a single condition
- pharmacological- taking the substance in larger doses
- escessive time spent obtaining the substance
- craving the drug
social impairment
failure to meet goals and obligations
risky use of substance
despite physical and/or psychological problems encountered
tolerance
the individual needs increased amounts to achieve the diminishing effects of the drug
withdrawal
symptoms that can often leading to renewed substance dependence
physical dependence
refers to the body’s need to constantly have the drug or drugs
psychological dependence
refers to the mental inability to stop using the drugs or drugs
moral model
poor morals and lifestyle; a choice
disease model
a belief that addiction is both chronic and progressive, and that the drug user does not have control over the use and abuse of the drug
characterological or personality predisposition model
personality disorder, problems with personality of the addicted (needs, motives, attitudes of the individual, and imp use control disorders)
career pattern of addiction
- experimentation or initiation of drug use
- escalation
- maintenance
- dysfuntion
- recovery
- ex-addict
escalation
increasing use
maintenance
optimistic belief that the drug fits in well with day-to-day goals and activities
dysfunction
problems with use interfering with day-to-day goals
recovery
getting our of drug use/ abuse
ex-addict
successfully quitting
abuse drugs are positive reinforcers
most drugs with abuse potential enhance pleasure center by causing the release of specific brain neurotransmitter such as dopamine
drug abuse and psychiatric disorders
biological explanations are trout to be responsible for the substantial overlap that exists between drug addiction and mental illness
genetic explanations
inherited traits can predispose some individuals to drug addiction
conditioning
the close association of significant reinforcing stimulus with other less significant or neutral stimulus
habituation
repeating certain patters of behavior until they become established or habitual
“addiction to pleasure” theory
assumes it is biologically normal to continue a pleasure stimulus when once begun
sensation-seekers
continually search for new or novel thrills in their experience, and are known to have a relentless desire to pursue physical and psychological stimulation often involving dangerous behavior
social influence theories
focus on microscopic explanations that concentrate on the roles played by significant others and their impact on the individual
structural influence theories
focus on macroscopic explanations of drug use and the assumption that the organizational structure of society has a major impact on individual drug use
social learning theory
explains drug use as a form of learned behavior
social influence and the role of significant others
says the use of drugs is learned during intimate interaction with others who, while using the drug, serve as a primary group
labeling theory
say people whose opinions we value have a determining influence over our self-image,
Subculture theory
explains that peer pressure is a determining cause of drug experimentation, use, and/or abuse.
structural influence theories
focus on how the organization of a society, group, or subculture is largely responsible for drug abuse by its members
social disorganization and social stain theories
drug use is caused by rapid and disruptive social change in society
control theories
belief that if people are left without attachment to other groups, they have a tendency to deviate from expected cultural values, norms, and attitudes and use drugs
low-risk drug choices
refer to values and attitudes that lead to controlling the use of alcohol or drug— self-monitoring your drug use, behavior, and abstinence
high-risk drug choices
refer to developing values and attitudes that lead to using drugs both habitually and addictively, such as constantly searching for drinking and drug parties and hanging with drug abusers
