Chapter 2

Question 1

what are factors affecting alcohol and drug use

Answer 1

body size
gender
fatigue or illness
empty stomach
mindset

Question 2

Addcition

Answer 2

is derived from the latin word adducer, which refers to the process of binding to things. Today, the word largely refers to a chronic adherence (attachment) to drugs.

Question 3

DSM-5

Answer 3

combines substance abuse and substance dependence into a single condition called substance use disorder

Question 4

substance use disorder

Answer 4

substance abuse and substance dependence into a single condition

• pharmacological- taking the substance in larger doses
• escessive time spent obtaining the substance
• craving the drug

Question 5

social impairment

Answer 5

failure to meet goals and obligations

Question 6

risky use of substance

Answer 6

despite physical and/or psychological problems encountered

Question 7

tolerance

Answer 7

the individual needs increased amounts to achieve the diminishing effects of the drug

Question 8

withdrawal

Answer 8

symptoms that can often leading to renewed substance dependence

Question 9

physical dependence

Answer 9

refers to the body’s need to constantly have the drug or drugs

Question 10

psychological dependence

Answer 10

refers to the mental inability to stop using the drugs or drugs

Question 11

moral model

Answer 11

poor morals and lifestyle; a choice

Question 12

disease model

Answer 12

a belief that addiction is both chronic and progressive, and that the drug user does not have control over the use and abuse of the drug

Question 13

characterological or personality predisposition model

Answer 13

personality disorder, problems with personality of the addicted (needs, motives, attitudes of the individual, and imp use control disorders)

Question 14

career pattern of addiction

Answer 14

• experimentation or initiation of drug use
• escalation
• maintenance
• dysfuntion
• recovery
• ex-addict

Question 15

escalation

Answer 15

increasing use

Question 16

maintenance

Answer 16

optimistic belief that the drug fits in well with day-to-day goals and activities

Question 17

dysfunction

Answer 17

problems with use interfering with day-to-day goals

Question 18

recovery

Answer 18

getting our of drug use/ abuse

Question 19

ex-addict

Answer 19

successfully quitting

Question 20

abuse drugs are positive reinforcers

Answer 20

most drugs with abuse potential enhance pleasure center by causing the release of specific brain neurotransmitter such as dopamine

Question 21

drug abuse and psychiatric disorders

Answer 21

biological explanations are trout to be responsible for the substantial overlap that exists between drug addiction and mental illness

Question 22

genetic explanations

Answer 22

inherited traits can predispose some individuals to drug addiction

Question 23

conditioning

Answer 23

the close association of significant reinforcing stimulus with other less significant or neutral stimulus

Question 24

habituation

Answer 24

repeating certain patters of behavior until they become established or habitual

Question 25

“addiction to pleasure” theory

Answer 25

assumes it is biologically normal to continue a pleasure stimulus when once begun

Question 26

sensation-seekers

Answer 26

continually search for new or novel thrills in their experience, and are known to have a relentless desire to pursue physical and psychological stimulation often involving dangerous behavior

Question 27

social influence theories

Answer 27

focus on microscopic explanations that concentrate on the roles played by significant others and their impact on the individual

Question 28

structural influence theories

Answer 28

focus on macroscopic explanations of drug use and the assumption that the organizational structure of society has a major impact on individual drug use

Question 29

social learning theory

Answer 29

explains drug use as a form of learned behavior

Question 30

social influence and the role of significant others

Answer 30

says the use of drugs is learned during intimate interaction with others who, while using the drug, serve as a primary group

Question 31

labeling theory

Answer 31

say people whose opinions we value have a determining influence over our self-image,

Question 32

Subculture theory

Answer 32

explains that peer pressure is a determining cause of drug experimentation, use, and/or abuse.

Question 33

structural influence theories

Answer 33

focus on how the organization of a society, group, or subculture is largely responsible for drug abuse by its members

Question 34

social disorganization and social stain theories

Answer 34

drug use is caused by rapid and disruptive social change in society

Question 35

control theories

Answer 35

belief that if people are left without attachment to other groups, they have a tendency to deviate from expected cultural values, norms, and attitudes and use drugs

Question 36

low-risk drug choices

Answer 36

refer to values and attitudes that lead to controlling the use of alcohol or drug— self-monitoring your drug use, behavior, and abstinence

Question 37

high-risk drug choices

Answer 37

refer to developing values and attitudes that lead to using drugs both habitually and addictively, such as constantly searching for drinking and drug parties and hanging with drug abusers