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Essential Cell Biology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

A molecule that releases a proton when dissolved in water; generates hygronium ions, thereby lowering pH.

A

Acid

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2
Q

Small organic molecule containing both an amino group and a carboxyl group; serves as the building block of proteins.

A

Amino acid

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3
Q

The smallest particle of an element that still retains distinctive chemical properties; consists of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons.

A

Atom

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4
Q

The mass of an atom expressed in daltons, the atomic mass unit that closely approximates the mass of a hydrogen atom.

A

Atomic mass

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5
Q

Molecule that serves as the principal carrier of energy in cells; composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.

A

ATP

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6
Q

Molecule that accepts a proton when dissolved in water; used to refer to the nitrogen-containing purines or pyrimidines in DNA and RNA.

A

Base

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7
Q

Mixture of weak acids and bases that maintains the pH solution by releasing and taking up protons.

A

Buffer

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8
Q

An exchange of electrons that holds two atoms together.

A

Chemical bond

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9
Q

Combination of atoms, or an amino group, with distinct chemical and physical properties that influences the behavior of the molecule in which it resides.

A

Chemical group

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10
Q

Chemical reaction in which a covalent bond is formed between two molecules as water is expelled; used to build polymers.

A

Condensation reaction

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11
Q

Precise, three-dimensional shape of a protein or other macromolecule based on the spatial location of its atoms in relation to one another.

A

Conformation

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12
Q

Stable chemical link between two atoms produced by sharing one or more pairs of electrons.

A

Covalent bond

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13
Q

Force that draws together oppositely charged atoms.

A

Electrostatic attraction

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14
Q

Molecule that consists of a carboxylic acid attached to a long hydrocarbon chain.

A

Fatty acid

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15
Q

A weak noncovalent interaction between a positively charged hydrogen atom in one molecule and a negatively charged atom.

A

Hydrogen bond

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16
Q

Chemical reaction that involves cleavage of a covalent bond with the accompanying consumption of water.

A

Hydrolysis

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17
Q

Molecule or part of a molecule that readily forms hydrogen bonds with water, allowing it to dissolve.

A

Hydrophillic

18
Q

Nonpolar, uncharged molecule or part of a molecule that forms few or no hydrogen bonds with water molecules and therefore do not dissolve.

A

Hydrophobic

19
Q

Not composed of carbon and hydrogen

A

Inorganic

20
Q

An atom carrying an electrical charge, either positive or negative.

A

Ion

21
Q

Interaction formed when one atom donates electrons to another, making both atoms become electrically charged.

A

Ionic bond

22
Q

Organic molecule that is insoluble in water but dissolves in nonpolar organic solvents.

A

Lipid

23
Q

Thin pair of closely juxtaposed sheet, composed mainly of phospholipid molecules, that forms the structural basis for all cell membranes.

A

Lipid bilayer

24
Q

Polymer built from covalently linked subunits; includes proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides with a molecular mass greater than a few thousand daltons.

A

Macromolecule

25
Q

Sum of the atomic weights of the atoms in a molecule; as a ratio of molecular masses, it is a number without units.

A

Molecular weight

26
Q

Group of atoms joined together by covalent bonds.

A

Molecule

27
Q

Small molecule that can be linked to others of a similar type to form a larger molecule.

A

Monomer

28
Q

Does not involve the sharing of electrons; singly they are weak, but can sum together to produce strong interactions between molecules.

A

Noncovalent bond

29
Q

Basic building blocks of the nucleic acids, DNA and RNA.

A

Nucleotide

30
Q

Chemical compound that contains carbon and hydrogen.

A

Organic molecule

31
Q

Long molecule made by covalently linking multiple or similar subunits.

A

Polymer

32
Q

A monomer that forms part of a larger molecule.

A

Subunit

33
Q

Weak noncovalent interaction, due to fluctuation electrical charges, that comes into play between two atoms within a short distance of each other.

A

van der Waals attraction

34
Q

Molecule containing the functional group -CONH2.

A

Amide

35
Q

Molecule containing an amino group-NH2.

A

Amine

36
Q

Negatively charged ion.

A

Anion

37
Q

Positively charged ion.

A

Cation

38
Q

Chemical linkage formed when two atoms share four electrons.

A

Double bond

39
Q

Membrane lipid molecule that has a short carbohydrate chain attached to its hydrophillic head.

A

Glycolipid

40
Q

A double-ringed, nitrogen-containing compound found in DNA and RNA.

A

Purine

41
Q

A nitrogen-containing, six membered ring compound found in DNA and RNA.

A

Pyrimidine

42
Q

Any substance that is dissolved in a lipid.

A

Solute

Essential Cell Biology (5 decks)

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