Chapter 1

Question 1

One of the two divisions of prokaryotes, often found in hostile environments such as hot springs or concentrated brine.

Answer 1

Archaea

Question 2

One of the two divisions of prokaryotes; some species cause disease. Used to refer to any prokaryotic microorganisim.

Answer 2

Bacteria(singular bacterium)

Question 3

The basic unit from which a living organism is made; consists of an aqueous solution of organic molecules enclosed by a membrane.

Answer 3

Cell

Question 4

Specialized organelle in algae and plants that contains chlorophyll and serves as the site in which photosynthesis takes place.

Answer 4

Chloroplast

Question 5

Long, threadlike structure composed of DNA and proteins that carries the genetic information of an organism; becomes visible as a distinct entity when a plant or animal cell prepares to divide.

Answer 5

Chromosome

Question 6

Contents of a cell that are contained within its plasma membrane but, in case of eukaryotic cells, contained outside the nucleus.

Answer 6

Cytoplasm

Question 7

System of protein filaments in the cytoplasm of a eukaryoitc cell that gives the cell shape and capacity for directed movements. It’s most abundant components are actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments.

Answer 7

Cytoskeleton

Question 8

Contents of the mail compartment of the cytoplasm, excluding membrane-enclosed organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. The cell fraction remaining after membranes and other organelles have been removed.

Answer 8

Cytosol

Question 9

Double-stranded polynucleotide formed from two separate chains of covalently linked deoxyribonucleotide units. Serves as the cell’s store of genetic information that is transmitted from generation to generation.

Answer 9

DNA

Question 10

An organism whose cells have a distinct nucleus and cytoplasm.

Answer 10

Eukaryote

Question 11

Process of gradual modification and adaptation that occurs in living organisms over generations.

Answer 11

Evolution

Question 12

The total genetic information carried by all the chromosomes of a cell or organism.

Answer 12

Genome

Question 13

Any organelle in the eukaryotic cell that is surrounded by a lipid bilayer.

Answer 13

Membrane-enclosed organelle

Question 14

Unit of length equal to one millionth (10-6) of a meter or (10-4) centimeter.

Answer 14

Micrometer

Question 15

Membrane-enclosed organelle, about the size of a bacterium, that carries out oxidative phosphorylation and produces most of the ATP in eukaryotic cells.

Answer 15

Mitochondrion

Question 16

A living thing selected for intensive study as a representative of a large group of species.

Answer 16

Model organism

Question 17

In Biology, refers to the prominent, rounded structure that contains the DNA of a eukaryotic cell. In chemistry, refers to the dense, positively charged center of an atom.

Answer 17

Nucleus

Question 18

A discrete structure of subcompartment of a eukaryotic cell that is specialized to carry out a particular function.

Answer 18

Organelle

Question 19

The process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use the energy of sunlight to drive the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.

Answer 19

Photosynthesis

Question 20

The protein-containing lipid bilayer that surrounds a living cell.

Answer 20

Plasma membrane

Question 21

Polymer built from amino acids that provides cells with their shape and structure and performs most of their activities.

Answer 21

Protein

Question 22

A free-living, nonphotosynthetic, single-celled, motile eukaryote.

Answer 22

Protozoan

Question 23

Large macromolecular complex, composed of ribosomal RNAs and ribosomal proteins, that translates messenger RNA into protein.

Answer 23

Ribosome

Question 24

Molecule produced by the transcription of DNA ; usually single-stranded, it is a polynucleotide composed of covalently linded ribonucleotide subunits. Serves a variety of structural, catalytic and regulatory functions in cells.

Answer 24

RNA

Question 25

Rodlike bacterium normally found in the colon of humans and other mammals and widely used in biomedical research.

Answer 25

E.coli

Question 26

The proper term for the bacteria of common occurence, used to distinguish them from archaea.

Answer 26

Eubacteria

Question 27

Thin sheet of lipid molecules and associated proteins that encloses all cells and forms the boundaries of many eukaryotic organelles.

Answer 27

Membrane