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Sports Studies > Chapter 2 + 3 || Movement Analysis > Flashcards

Chapter 2 + 3 || Movement Analysis Flashcards

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Sports Trivia flashcards
1
Q

First Class Lever?

A

Load, fulcrum and effort,

Example is when a person throws a javelin,

The load is the javelin, the elbow is the fulcrum and the effort is the biceps and triceps.

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2
Q

Lever?

A

A rigid bar that turns about an acid to create movement,

All levels contain a fulcrum, load and effort.

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3
Q

Second Class Lever?

A

Fulcrum, load, effort,

Person doing a press up,

The fulcrum is the feet, the load is the body and the effort is the biceps and triceps.

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4
Q

Third Class Lever?

A

Fulcrum, effort, load,

Example is a person paddling a kayak,

The top hand is the fulcrum, the effort is the second hand in the middle of the kayak and the load is the water.

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5
Q

Mechanical Advantage?

A

Measures the efficiency of a lever,

It is calculated like this;

Effort Arm
—————-
Load Arm.

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6
Q

Load Arm?

A

Distance from the load to the fulcrum.

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7
Q

Effort Arm?

A

Distance from the effort to the fulcrum.

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8
Q

High Mechanical Advantage When?

A

The levers effort arm is longer than the load arm,

Levers with high mechanical advantage can move large loads with relatively low effort.

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9
Q

Low Mechanical Advantage When?

A

The levers load arm is longer than its effort arm,

This is always true with a third class lever.

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10
Q

Third Class Lever Facts?

A

They cannot lift heavy loads, even with the same amount of effort as the second and third class levers,

Third class levers are able to increase the distance coveted and, therefore, the speed at the end of the lever,

They can produce a large range of movement with relatively low effort.

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11
Q

Flexion?

A

Takes place when the angle of the bones at a joint decreases.

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12
Q

Extension?

A

Takes place when the angle of the bones increases at a joint.

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13
Q

Axis And Planes?

A

Frontal Plane + Sagitta Axis,

Transverse Plane + Longitudinal Axis,

Sagittal Plane + Transverse Axis.

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14
Q

Frontal Plane + Sagittal Axis?

A

Plane divides the body into front and back halves,

Axis runs horizontally through the body from from to back, through the belly button,

This allows adduction and abduction,

Allows for a cartwheel to take place.

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15
Q

Transverse Plane + Longitudinal Axis?

A

Plane divides body in half horizontally,

The axis runs vertically through the body, from head to toe,

This allows rotation of the body, like your spinning the person like a table top spinner.

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16
Q

Sagittal Plane + Transverse Axis?

A

Plane runs forwards and backwards and divides the body into left and right halves,

Transverse Axis runs horizontally through the body from left to right, through hips,

Allows flexion and extension,

Example is someone doing a front flip.

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17
Q

Health Definition?

A

State of complete physical, metal and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

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18
Q

Fitness Definition?

A

The ability to meet, or cope with, the demands of the environment.

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19
Q

Components Of Fitness?

A

Agility,

Balance,

Cardiovascular Endurance,

Coordination,

Flexibility,

Muscular Endurance,

Power,

Reaction Time,

Strength,

Speed.

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20
Q

Cardiovascular Endurance Other Name?

A

Aerobic Power.

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21
Q

Power Other Name?

A

Anaerobic Power.

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22
Q

Agility?

A

The ability to move and change direction quickly, at speed, while maintaining control.

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23
Q

Balance?

A

Ability to keep the body stable by maintaining the centre of the mass over the base of support,

Two Types:

  • Static balance,
  • Dynamic balance.
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24
Q

Static Balance?

A

Performed with little or no movement,

A handstand is an example.

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25
Q

Dynamic Balance?

A

Performed when movement takes place during a balance,

A cartwheel is an example.

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26
Q

Cardiovascular Endurance?

A

Ability if the heart and lungs to supply oxygen to the working muscles.

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27
Q

Coordination?

A

Ability to use two or more different parts of the body together, smoothly and efficiently.

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28
Q

Flexibility?

A

Refers to the range of movement possible at a joint.

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29
Q

Muscular Endurance?

A

Ability of a muscle or muscle group to undergo repeated contractions, avoiding fatigue.

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30
Q

Fatigue?

A

Feeling of extreme or severe tiredness due to build up of lactic acid in the muscles or working for a long time.

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31
Q

Power?

A

Product of strength and speed,

Calculated:

Power = Strength x Speed.

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32
Q

Reaction Time?

A

Time taken to start responding to a stimulus,

The time between the initiation of the stimulus and the performer starting to respond.

33
Q

Strength?

A

Ability to overcome resistance,

Four Types:

  • Maximal strength,
  • Static strength,
  • Explosive strength,
  • Dynamic strength.
34
Q

Maximal Strength?

A

Greatest force that is possible in a single maximum contraction,

Essential for almost all sports.

35
Q

Static Strength?

A

Amount of force exerted on an object you cannot move,

The body part is held in a stationary position and the length of the muscle stays the same,

Static strength is essential for performing static stretches.

36
Q

Explosive Strength?

A

Amount of force exerted in one quick muscle contraction,

Closely linked to power,

Explosive strength is essential for sports like javelin.

37
Q

Dynamic Strength?

A

Amount of force that can be exerted repeatedly by a muscle,

It is similar to muscles endurance,

Essential for sports involving repeated muscle contractions such as cycling.

38
Q

Speed?

A

Maximum rate at which an individual is able to perform movement or cover a distance in a period of time,

Putting their body party’s into action as quickly as possible.

39
Q

Speed Formula?

A

Distance
—————
Time.

40
Q

Reasons For Fitness Testing?

A

Used to measure a persons level of fitness in one or more of the ten components,

Identifying strengths or weaknesses to begin goals of improvement,

Motivation - finishing your starting pony allows you to set realistic goals,

Establishing a starting point so you can monitor improvement,

Providing variety - helps put together a varied training programme that develops one or more components of fitness that you may not have otherwise considered improving.

41
Q

Limitations To Fitness Testing?

A

Tests are often general and not specific to a sport,

Tests do not replicated the movements used in sports and physical activity,

Tests are usually conducted in isolation, with few distractions, which will not replicated competitive conditions. You might have better speed when your against a competitor for example,

Many don’t use direct measuring/testing and may be inaccurate,

Some of the tests need large amounts of motivation,

Some tests are not reliable because they will not give the same output each time,

Fitness test must be carried out using the correct procedure to ensure it is valid.

42
Q

Quantitative Data?

A

Data using measurable things and involves numbers.

43
Q

Qualitative Data?

A

Data that focuses on understanding things,

This can be an opinion or a way of improving your technique,

Doesnt involve numbers.

44
Q

Test To Measure Agility?

A

The illinios agility test,

8 cones/markers,
Measuring tape,
Stopwatch,
Assistant,

Set up the course (in book),

Lie down on front with hands on shoulders at start line,

When assistant says “go”, they will start the stopwatch and the person must get up as quick as possible,

Then they run around the course,

Stopwatch should be stoped when the athlete finishes the course,

Compare results with national averages,

Male: 18.1 - 16.2 secs,
Female: 21.7 - 18.0 secs.

^ these are the averages.

45
Q

Test To Measure Balance?

A

The stork balance test,

Stopwatch,
Assistant,

Start by standing in both feet with hands on hips,

Lift one leg and place it on knee of your standing leg,

Raise the heel of your standing leg so your on your tiptoes,

Balance for as long as possible without letting a heel touch the ground,

Time how long,

Male: 31-40 secs,
Female: 16-22 secs.

46
Q

Test To Measure Cardiovascular Endurance?

A

The multi stage fitness test,

Cones,
Measuring tape,
Audio recording of the bleep test,
Assistant,

Set out a pair of cones 20 metres apart,

Assistant should start the recording,

Run from one marker to the other before the “bleep” on the recording is heard,

Feet must touch marker,

If you reach the marker before the “bleep”, you must wait at the marker till you hear the “bleep” before beginning to run again,

The time taken between each “bleep” gets shorter each minute,

If you fail to reach the marker twice in a row, test is over,

Male: level 8,
Female: level 6.

47
Q

Test To Measure Coordination?

A

The wall toss test,

Tennis ball,
A flat, solid wall,
Marking tape or chalk,
Stopwatch,

Use chalk to make a line on the floor two metres from the wall,

Stand behind the mark and face the wall,

Throw the ball against the wall with you left hand, using underarm. Catch it with your right hand,

Throw the ball against the wall again with your right hand, using underarm. Catch with your left hand,

Continue this for a set number of times or for a set period of time, counting the number of successful catches,

Averages Male and Female: 25-29.

48
Q

Test To Measure Flexibility?

A

The sit and reach test,

Box and measuring tape (or a sit and reach table),

Sit on floor with legs straight out in front of you, they must be flat,

Don’t wear shoes,

Place the measuring tape with 0 centimetres in line with the end of your feet (measurements are already marked if your using a sit and reach table),

Soles of feet should be shoulder width apart,

Reach gently forwards and place your hands as far as you can get them on the table, palms down,

After three practice reaches, hold your fourth for at least 2 seconds,

The distance your fingers Touch ID your score,

Male: 10.9 - 7 cm,
Female: 11.9 - 7 cm.

49
Q

Test To Measure Muscular Endurance?

A

The sit up bleep test,

Exercise mat or comfortable surface,
Audio recording of the bleep test,
Assistant,

Lie down on mat with knees bent at right angles and feet flat on ground,

Rest hands on thighs,

Assistant starts recording,

Perform sit ups in time to the bleeps,

Time between bleeps gets shorter,

Perform a sit up correctly,

Test is over when you can longer keep up with the bleeps or use the correct technique,

Male: stage 3/4 with 64-89 sit ups,
Female: stage 2/3 with 42-64 sit ups.

50
Q

Test To Measure Power and Explosive Strength?

A

The vertical jump test,

Wall,
Measuring tape,
Chalk,
Assistant,

Put chalk on fingertips,

Stand side-on to the wall and reach as high as possible. Touch the wall and record this,

This is your standing reach height,

Stand away from the wall and jump as high as possible using both arms and legs to help your project upwards,

Touch the all at the height point,

This is your jump height,

You have three attempts and the difference between your standing reach height and your jumping heigh should be recorded,

Male: 40-49 cm,
Female: 36-46 cm.

51
Q

Test To Measure Maximal Strength?

A

The one rep max test,

Free weights or a resistance machine (depends on the muscle group your testing),
Spotter (is using free weights),

Choose a realistic weight to lift,

Lift the weight once,

Use correct technique,

Rest for several minutes, increase the weight and and lift again,

Continue increasing until you cannot lift it anymore,

This final weight is the IRM (in kg),

Average: 1.15 - 1.14 kg.

52
Q

IRM?

A

One rep max,

Weight x ( 1 + (reps/30) )

53
Q

Test To Measure Reaction Time?

A

Ruler drop test,

One meter ruler,
Assistant,

Average: 15.9 - 20.4 cm.

54
Q

Test To Measure Speed?

A

The 30 metre sprint test,

Measuring tape,
Stopwatch,
Cones,
Assistant,

Set out pair of cones 30 metres apart,

Start from stationary position, front foot behind the start line,

Hold this position for 2 seconds before starting and do not rock backward and forward,

Run as fast as possible to the finish line when the stopwatch starts,

The timing starts from the first movement till your chest passed the finish lineC

You have two attempts (best is recorded in seconds to 1 dp),

Male: 4.4 - 4.3 secs,
Female: 4.8 - 4.7 secs.

55
Q

Participles Of Training?

A

Specificy,

Progressive Overload,

Reversibility,

Tedium,

S.P.O.R.T.

56
Q

Principles Of Overloud?

A

F.I.T.T,

Frequency,

Intensity,

Time,

Type.

57
Q

Training Thresholds?

A

One of the most effective ways to measure intensity,

Ensures you are working hard enough to make fitness gains,

Aerobic: 60-80% of your MHR,
Anaerobic: 80-90% of your MHR.

58
Q

MHR?

A

Maximum heart rate,

220 - (age) is your MHR.

59
Q

Circuit Training?

A

Can improve all components of fitness depending on the exercises your doing in the circuit,

Involves doing series of exercises called stations which are completed one after another with a brief period of rest time in between,

Usually a slightly longer rest after you finish a full circuit,

Types:

  • Timed circuits,
  • Fixed load circuits,
  • Varied circuits.
60
Q

Timed Circuits?

A

Where the performer completes as many repetitions of an exercise as possible in a set time,

Will improve muscular endurance.

61
Q

Fixed Load Circuits?

A

Where the performer had to college a set number of repetitions of an exercise before moving on,

Will improve strength and muscular endurance.

62
Q

Varied Circuits?

A

Where the speed of a timed circuit and the work:rest ratio changed from circuit to circuit,

Will improve cardiovascular endurance.

63
Q

Continuous Training?

A

Improved cardiovascular endurance,

The athlete trains for a sustained period of time without rest,

The performer must maintain a steady pace I. The aerobic training zone for a minimum of 20 minutes.

64
Q

Interval Training?

A

Alternating between periods of work and periods of rest,

Improved cardiovascular endurance.

65
Q

High Intensity Interval Training?

A

HIIT, a type of interval training,

Involves alternating between short periods of intense work in the anaerobic zone and periods of active work recovery in the aerobic training zone,

Types:

  • Long interval training,
  • Short interval training.
66
Q

Long Interval Training?

A

Work periods of 15 seconds to three minutes,

80-85 per cent of maximum heart rate,

Active recovery periods of the same length as work periods.

67
Q

Short Interval Training?

A

Short periods of work for no more than 15 seconds at as close to maximum heart rate as possible,

Longer periods of active recovery, possibly two minutes.

68
Q

Farlek Training?

A

Periods of fast work with intermittent periods of slower work,

A form of interval training,

Usually outdoors.

69
Q

Static Stretching?

A

Involves holding a stretch still for up to 30 seconds,

Improved flexibility,

Muscles contract isometrically during the stretch because they stay the same length,

Muscles that are being used in the sport should be stretched.

70
Q

Weight Training?

A

Improves strength, power and muscular endurance depending on the amount of sets,

Involves the use of weights or resistance to cause adaptation of the muscles,

To develop strength/power:

  • lift heavier weights above 70 percent of your one rep max,
  • lower amount of reps,

To develop muscular endurance:

  • lift a lighter weight, below 70 percent of your one rep max,
  • more reps.
71
Q

Repetitions?

A

The number of times an individual activity is performed.

72
Q

Sets?

A

A group of repetitions.

73
Q

Plyometric Training?

A

Involves high impact exercises that teach the muscles to be more powerful,

An eccentric isotonic contraction is followed by a concentric isotonic contraction.

74
Q

High Altitude Training?

A

Improved cardiovascular endurance,

Form of aerobic training where athletes perform 2000m above sea level,

Less oxygen at high altitude so the body makes more red blood cells,

This is because the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is reduced at high altitudes,

When athletes return to sea level, they have more red blood cells to compete with,

They can deliver more oxygen to working muscles,

This allows them to work for longer.

75
Q

High Altitude Training Problems?

A

Expensive to travel,

Fitness can be lost or reduced because it is difficult for performers to work at the same intensity as they can at sea level,

Performers can suffer from altitude sickness because of the shortage of oxygen. Symptoms include headaches, hyperventilation, nausea, dizziness and exhaustion but can become serious,

Benefits of high altitude training are lost quickly when they return to sea level.

76
Q

Preventing Injury?

A

Match the type of training and intensity to the performers needs,

West appropriation footwear and clothes,

Wear taping and bracing where appropriate,

Keep hydrated,

Always warm up and cool down,

Do not over train,

Stretch but don’t overstretch or bounce your stretches,

Always use the correct technique,

Make time for rest and recovery.

77
Q

Training Seasons?

A

Pre-Season/Preperation,

Competitive/Peak/Playing Season,

Post-Season/Closed Season/Transition.

78
Q

Warm Up?

A

Prepared the body for physical activity,

Raised body temperature,

Increases range of movement at joints,

Reduces chance of injury because muscles and tendons are prone to injury when they are cold,

Increased amount of oxygen delivers to the working muscles,

Pulse raising,
Stretching,
Skills practise,
Mental preparation.

79
Q

Cool Down?

A

Allows the body to recover fro exercise,

Helps remove waste products such as lactic acid and carbon dioxide,

This reduces DOMS (Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness - stiffness you feel day after exercise),

Pulse lowering,
Stretching.

Sports Studies (5 decks)

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