Chaper 1 || Applied Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
24 Bones?
A
Cranium, Clavicle (collar bone), Phalanges, Metacarpals, Carpals, Sternum (breast bone), Ribs, Jaw Bone, Vertebrae, Scapula, Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Pelvis (hip bone), Sacrum, Femur (thigh bone), Patella (knee), Fibula, Talus, Tibia (shin), Tarsals, Phalanges, Metatarsals.
2
Q
Flat Bones?
A
Quite larges,
Usually protect vital organs.
3
Q
Long Bones?
A
Enable gross movements.
4
Q
Short Bones?
A
Enable finer, controlled movements.
5
Q
Irregular Bones?
A
Specifically shaped to protect,
For example, the vertebrae are designed to protect the spinal cord.
6
Q
Bones In The Shoulder?
A
Scapula,
Clavicle,
Humerus.
7
Q
Bones In The Elbow?
A
Humerus,
Radius,
Ulna.
8
Q
Bones In The Hip?
A
Pelvis,
Femur.
9
Q
Bones In The Knee?
A
Femur,
Patella,
Fibula,
Tibia.
10
Q
Bones In The Ankle?
A
Tibia,
Fibula,
Talus.
11
Q
Radius And Ulna Positioning?
A
Radius is in front of the ulna.
12
Q
Tibia And Fibula Positioning?
A
Tibia is bigger and is in front of the fibula.
13
Q
Functions Of The Skeleton?
A
Support, Protection, Movement, Shape/Structure, Blood Cell Production, Storage Of Minerals.
14
Q
Musculoskeletal System?
A
The name used to describe the muscular and skeletal system working together.
15
Q
Articulating Bones?
A
Bones that meet at a joint to enable movement.
16
Q
Synovial Joint?
A
Freely movable joints,
Most common type of joint and are located at the shoulder, elbow, hip, knee and ankle,
An area of the body where two or more articulating bones meet.
17
Q
Whats At A Synovial Joint?
A
Tendons, Bursae, Cartilage, Synovial Fluid, Ligaments, Synovial Membrane, Joint Capsule.
18
Q
Joint Capsule?
A
Tissue that stops synovial fluid from escaping and encloses,
Supports and holds the bones together.
19
Q
Synovial Membrane?
A
The lining inside the joint capsule that secretes (releases) synovial fluid.
20
Q
Bursae?
A
Sac filled with liquid, floating inside the joint, to reduce friction between the tendon and bone.
21
Q
Cartilage?
A
A tough but flexible tissue that acts as a buffer between the bones, preventing bones rubbing together and causing friction.
22
Q
Synovial Fluid?
A
A clear and slippery substance that lubricates the joint and stops the bones rubbing together.
23
Q
Tendons?
A
Very strong, non-elastic cords that join muscle to bone.
24
Q
Ligaments?
A
Bands of elastic fibre that attach bone to bone, keeping the joints stable by restricting movement.
25
Ball And Socket Joints?
Can move away from the body, back towards the the body and can also rotate,
This range of movement makes them the most movable joint in the body,
Examples are shoulder and hip joints.
26
Respiratory System?
When you breathe in, air enters the nose and mouth,
The air then travels down a long tube called the trachea,
This connects to the lungs,
The air then passes down the bronchi and the bronchioles and int the alveoli,
Gaseous exchange takes place here.
27
Gaseous Exchange?
Oxygen is breathed in and passes through the alveoli and into the red blood cells,
In the capillaries, the oxygen combines with the haemoglobin (a protein in the blood cells) to form haemoglobin which is carried around the body,
At the same time, haemoglobin carried carbon dioxide from the body to the capillaries,
The carbon dioxide in the capillaries passes through the alveoli and is breathed out.
28
Isotonic Contraction?
Occurs when the muscle contracts and changes length,
Can happen eccentrically or concentrically.
29
Isometric Contraction?
When the muscle contracts and doesn't change shape.
30
Concentric?
Muscle contracts and lengthens.
31
Eccentric?
Muscle contracts and shortens.
32
Cardio-Respiratory System?
The name used to describe the respiratory system and the cardiovascular system working together.
33
16 Muscles?
```
Rotator Cuffs,
Trcieps,
Biceps,
Trapezius,
Deltoid,
Sternocleidomastoid,
Latissiums Dorsi,
Gluteals,
Hamstring Group,
Gastrocnemius,
Abdominals,
Intercostal Muscles,
Pectorals,
Hip Flexors,
Quadriceps Group,
Tibilias Anterior,
```
34
Shoulder Muscles?
Deltoid, trapezius, latissimus dorsi, biceps, triceps and rotator cuffs.
35
Hip Muscles?
Gluteals and hip flexors.
36
Elbow Muscles?
Bicpes and tricpes.
37
Knee Muscles?
Quadricpes group and hamstring group.
38
Ankle Muscles?
Tibilias anterior and gastrocnemius.
39
Antagonist?
Relaxing muscle.
40
Agonist?
Working muscle.
41
Flexion?
Decrease at joint angle.
42
Extension?
Increase at joint angle.
43
Plantar Flexion?
Increase in angle at the ankle.
44
Dorsiflexion?
Decrease at angle at the ankle.
45
Abduction?
Movement of a bone or limb away from the midline of the body.
46
Adduction?
Movement of a bone or limb towards the midline of the body.
47
Rotation?
Circular movement around a joint.
48
Diffusion Pathway?
Distance travelled during diffusion,
This pathway is short in gaseous exchange.
49
Mechanics Of Breathing In?
```
Rib cage moves out,
Lungs expand,
Diaphragm moves down,
Intercostal muscles contract,
Air enters.
```
50
Mechanics Of Breathing Out?
```
Rib cage moves down and in,
Lungs get smaller,
Diaphragm moves up,
Intercostal muscles relax,
Air leaves.
```
51
Spirometer Trace?
```
Tidal volume,
Expiratory reserve volume,
Inspiratory reserve volume,
Residual volume,
Vital capacity.
```
52
Tidal Volume?
The normal amount of air that is inhaled and exhaled per breath,
Increases withe exercise.
53
Expiratory Reserve Volume?
The amount of air that can be forced out after tidal volume,
This decreases during exercise.
54
Inspiratory Reserve Volume?
The amount of air that can be forced in after tidal volume,
Decreases during exercise.
55
Heart Rate?
Number of times your heart beats in one minute,
One heartbeat is one contraction and relaxation of the heart,
Heart rate is measured in beats per minute (bpm).
56
Arteries?
Thick muscular walls and small internal diameter,
They need thick walls because they carry oxygenated blood away from the heart quickly at high pressure,
Arteries do not have valves,
Pulse can be located in your arteries.
57
Veins?
Have thinner walls but larger internal diameter than arteries,
This is because blood pressure is low,
Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart,
Contain valves that are open due to the low pressure can cause back flow of blood.
58
Capillaries?
Are microscopic blood vessels that link the arteries to the veins,
Their walls are very thin, just one cell thick, to allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to pass through them during gaseous exchange,
Deoxygenated blood becomes oxygenated at the capillaries.
59
The Pathway Of Blood?
Deoxygenated blood enters through the superior and interior vena cava’s,
Then enters the right atrium,
Then passes through a valve to the right ventricle,
Then goes into the pulmonary artery to the lungs,
Oxygenated due to gaseous exchange,
Goes through pulmonary vein,
Goes to left atrium,
Passes through a valve to the left ventricle,
Oxygenated blood is then ejected from the heart and is transported to the rest of the body via the aorta.
60
Diastole?
The chambers f the heart reflex and fill with blood.
61
Systole?
Chambers of the heart contract and empty,
This caused the blood to be ejected from th thwart.
62
Cardiac Cycle?
One cycle of diastole and systole.
63
Blood Pressure?
The pressure that blood is under,
Two readings are took,
The systolic reading measures the pressure the blood is under when the heart contracts and ejects all the blood,
The diastolic readings measured the pressure the blood is under when the heart reflexes and then fills with blood.
64
Vasoconstriction?
Narrowing of the internal diameter of a blood vessel,
Restricts the volume of blood traveling through it,
Arteries do this during exercise so less blood is delivered to inactive areas.
65
Vasodilation?
The widening of the inertial diameter of the blood vessel to increase the volume of blood travelling through it,
The arteries dilated during reveries so the more blood is delivered to active areas,
This increases oxygen supply.
66
Stoke Volume?
The volume of blood pumped out of the heart by each ventricle during one contraction.
67
Cardiac Output And Formula?
Volume of blood ejected from the heart in one minute,
This is also stoke volume x heart rate.
68
Line On Graph Flattens?
Reached a plateau.
69
Aerobic Exercise?
Working at a low to moderate intensity do the body had time to use oxygen for energy production,
This allows the body to work for a long period of time.
70
Aerobic Formula?
Glucose + Oxygen —>
Energy + Carbon Dioxide + Water.
71
Intensity?
The amount of energy needed to complete an activity.
72
Anaerobic Exercise Formula?
Glucose —>
Energy + Lactic Acid.
73
Anaerobic Exercise?
Working for short periods of time at a high intensity without oxygen for energy production.
74
Lactic Acid?
A mild position and waste product of anaerobic respiration.
75
EPOC?
Excess Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption,
The amount of oxygen needed to recover after exercise,
It is characterised by an increased breathing rate and deeper breathing after exercise.
76
EPOC Other Name?
Oxygen Dept.
77
Cool Down?
You should end a training session gradually,
Gentle stretching and light exercise,
Gradually reducing the intensity of the exercise helps to maintain an elevated breathing rate,
Endures blood continues to flow quickly to the muscles which replenished the oxygen,
Helps body convert lactic acid into glucose, carbon dioxide and water so you don’t feel stiff.
78
Water?
Drink water to rehydrate to help your body recover and replace lost fluid so you can train again,
Air temperature, humidity and body composition (as well as your intensity of exercise) affect how much water you need.
79
Carbohydrate Loading?
Limits the length and severity of the recovery period,
Carbohydrate loading involves increasing the amount of complex carbohydrates eaten a few days before an event,
This maximises the amount of glucose in the body so it can better meet demands of the performance.
80
Protein Intake?
Athletes aiming to increase their strength and speed do this,
Tears appear in muscles during exercise and because of hypertrophy, the muscles increase in size when they become stronger and they heal,
Consuming protein after training provides the body with the nutrients it needs to heal these tears.
81
Massages?
After intense exercise because they prevent DOMS,
Massages increase the blood flow to the sore area and speed up the healing process and reduce pain.
82
Ice Baths?
Ice baths help the body flush lactic acid,
The cold caused the blood vessels to constrict, forcing lactic acid out,
When you get out the bath, your blood vessels dilate and bring oxygenated blood in.
83
DOMS?
Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness,
Felt in the muscles when they ache.
84
Short Term Affects Of Exercise?
Tired and possibly fatigued,
Red face,
DOMS (high intensity),
Muscle cramps,
Muscles will ache,
Light headed,
Nauseous.
85
Long Term Affects Of Exercise?
Resting heart rate will be lower (this is called bradycardia),
Body will change shape,
Stamina will improve,
Muscles will increase in size (hypertrophy is when they tear and heal),
Heart will increase in size (cardiac hypertrophy),
Improved components of fitness.
86
Resting HR Under 60?
Bradycardic,
87
Cardiac Hypertrophy?
This is when your heart increases in size,
Your cardiac output will increase,
This means your heart can deliver more blood to your muscles,
Also remove carbon dioxide and other waste products quicker.
