Chapter 2 Flashcards
what is a paradigm?
a set of assumptions about what to study
what is the role of serotonin in the brain in regards to behaviour?
compulsion
what did sigmund freud believe about psychology?
-psychological processes are flows of energy in the brain
-childhood experiences shape how a person feels and behaves
-proposed multiple levels of consciousness
what are the 3 levels of consciousness that Freud came up with?
conscious, preconscious and unconscious
define preconscious
thoughts we can quickly retrieve and are “floating in the background” of our brains
define unconscious
things that are outside of conscious awareness including memories, thoughts and urges we might not realize
what did psychodynamic psychology do for the world of psych?
outlines the importance of the unconscious in human behavior, importance of childhood experiences in human development and the value of talk therapy to improve your life
what is the relevance of psychodynamic psych nowadays?
no longer influential in research but influences clinical practice
what does the learning perspective of psychology tell us?
the role of the environment and experience in shaping human behavior, feelings, thoughts through patterns of reward or punishment
define a behaviourist
studying the human psyche through observable behaviour
define a social cognitive theorist
explore how rewards interact with thoughts, behaviors, values, expectations and intentions to produce observable behaviours
what are the 3 types of behavioural learning?
classical and operant conditioning and observable learning
define classical conditioning
a neutral stimulus associated with a natural response
define operant conditioning
response is increased or decreased due to reinforcement or punishment
define observational learning
learning that occurs through observation and imitation of others
what is the humanistic/positive psychology perspective?
everyone holds the ability to become more aware of themselves, change their lives, and offers a more holistic view of human life.
**sought to restore the importance of consciousness
what are deficiency needs in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
needs that if they are not met, can make a person feel anxious- self esteem, love and belonging, safety and physiological needs
what are growth needs in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
allows a person to become their best self; self acutalization
define positive psychology
the scientific study of the good things that make life worth living
what is the cognitive perspective?
emphasizes the role of the internal mental processes in human thought, behaviour and emotion.
why is interpretation of lived experiences important to us as humans?
it impacts how we feel about ourselves and our lives
what is the sociocultural perspective?
focuses on how social and cultural forces outside of us impact our behaviour, thoughts and emotions
define what it means to be a social psychologist
study how people’s thoughts, feelings and behaviors are influences by the actual, imagined or implied presence of others
define what a cultural psychologist does
study how cultural values and local systems of meaning and understanding impact the way we think, feel and behave
what is the evolutionary perspective in psychology?
our brains have adapted and have been shaped by natural selection and challenges through our evolutionary history
what paradigm would having low self esteem fall under?
humanistic
what paradigm best fits a certain group of people having access to guns more than others?
sociocultural
experiencing child abuse, rewards and punishment are all examples of what paradigm?
learning
