Chapter 2 Flashcards
Definition of a mineral
• naturally occurring
• inorganic solid
• possesses in orderly internal structure of atoms
• have a definite chemical composition
What is a Mineraloid?
Lacks in orderly internal structure
(example: glass)
What is a Rock?
Any solid mass of mineral or mineral-like matter that occurs naturally
Elements
- Basic building blocks of minerals
- over 100 are known
What are atoms?
- Smallest particles of matter
- Have all the characteristics of an element
What is a nucleus?
Central part of an atom that contains protons and neutrons (it has the largest mass)
What has positive electrical charges?
Protons
What has neutral electrical charges?
Neutrons
What are energy levels, or shells?
- surrounded nucleus; largest volume
- Contain electrons- negative electrical charges
- Adams are neutral(same number of protons and electrons)
What is the transfer of electrons that occurs between metals and nonmetals? (Ex: halite -table salt- (NaCl))
Ionic bond
What is a covalent bond?
The sharing of electrons that occurs between nonmetals. (Ex: water, diamond, graphite.)
What is a metallic bond?
The free flow of electrons that occurs between metals (ex: copper, silver, gold, etc.)
What is an intermolecular force?
Like static electricity; occurs between layers of certain minerals(bonds within each layer would be ionic or covalent) (ex: muscovite, biotite , and graphite
Two or more of the same or different kinds of atoms are called what?
A molecule and/or a compound (two or more different kinds of atoms)
What are ions?
Adams that give/lose electrons
What is crystal form?
How a mineral grows(shape) {Not very useful, but practical}
What is it called when you describe a minerals sheen or how it reflects like?
Luster
What is a streak?
The powder left on a porcelain plate
What is the least useful because of refraction of impurities
Color
What is a minerals resistance to scratching called?
Hardness
What is the pattern that a mineral breaks in on planes of weakness called?
Cleavage
What is a fracture?
Brakes irregularly/the absence of cleavage
What is specific gravity?
How heavy a mineral feels/similar to density
True or false, you can tell minerals by taste and smell.
True
What does magnetism mean?
That’s some thing comes out of the ground and magnetic
What is double refraction?
When looking through a mineral at words/symbols on paper, it shows two of each.
what is effervescence (the reaction to hydraulic acid)?
When a mineral bubbles/fizz is when a strong acid is put on it because the mineral is being dissolved by acid
What are rock-forming minerals?
Minerals that form from earths crust
What is any mineral that can be mine and has value?
Ore
What are the eight most abundant elements in rocks?
- Oxygen.
- Silicon.
- Aluminum.
- Iron.
- Calcium.
- Sodium.
- Potassium.
- Magnesium.
What are Micas?
-Cleavage and sheets
-Major rock forming minerals
What two rocks are micas?
• biotite (dark brown to black)
- Was used as lining for oven doors
-make up
• muscovite (clear, wind, single layers)
-make up
What are Feldspars?
- used in ceramics and porcelain
- Major rock forming minerals
What are some examples of Feldspars?
• Orthoclase ( a potassium feldspar) in granite
• plagioclase ( a calcium/ sodium feldspar) in basalt
What is quartz?
- Major rock forming minerals and granite
- Has the same chemical formula as glass
- Used optics and jewelry
- Used as sand and as in abrasive
What are some varieties of quartz
Rose, quartz, amethyst, citrine, smoky quartz, etc.
True or false: hematite is naturally magnetic?
False
What is magnetite?
- naturally magnetic
- we get iron from it
What does magnetite and hematite have in common?
We get irons from both of their ores
What do we get from Galina ore?
-ore for lead
What do we get from sphalerite?
- ore for zinc
What do we get from pyrite (fools gold)?
- ore for sulphur
What do we get from Chalcopyrite?
- ore for copper
What is gypsum primarily used for?
Drywall
What is calcite used in?
-the primary ingredient in rock
- makes cement
-also chewable antacid
