Chapter 2 Flashcards by Jasmine

Known as the period of major advancements in
science and intellectual thought that transformed
views on nature and laid the foundation for
modern science

Scientific Revolution

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Scientific Revolution spanned roughly from ___to ___ century

mid-16th; early 18th

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This era shifted reliance from traditional
authorities, like the Church and ancient
philosophers, to observation, experimentation,
and reason

Scientific Revolution

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Key Characteristics of Scientific Revolution (4)

Empirical Observation
Mathematization of Nature
Mechanical Philosophy
Questioning Authority

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Key characteristic:

Emphasis on direct
observation and experimentation over accepted
beliefs.

Empirical Observation

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Key characteristic:

Use of mathematics
to explain natural phenomena.

Mathematization of Nature

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key characteristic:

Viewing the universe as
a machine governed by natural laws.

Mechanical Philosophy

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Key characteristic:

Challenging ancient
texts (like those of Aristotle) and Church doctrines

Questioning Authority

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Major Revolutionary Ideas during
Intellectual Revolution

Darwinian revolution;
Copernican Revolution;
Freudian revolution

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____refers to the profound shift in
biological science and human understanding of
life brought about by ____’s theory of
____by ____.

Revolution; Charles Darwin; evolution; natural selection

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This transformation began with the publication of
Darwin’s seminal work, On the _____
(1859), and fundamentally changed how
scientists and society viewed life on Earth.

Darwinian revolution; Origin of Species

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Key Concepts of Darwinian
Revolution (4)

Evolution by Natural Selection;
Variation and Adaptation;
Common Descent;
Gradualism

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Species evolve over long periods through a
process where individuals with traits better
suited to their environment survive and
reproduce, passing those traits to offspring.

Evolution by Natural Selection

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Natural variation within populations leads to
adaptations that improve survival and
reproductive success.

Variation and Adaptation

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All species share common ancestors,
implying a branching tree of life rather than
static, separate creations

Common Descent

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Evolutionary changes occur gradually over long periods, not through sudden, drastic
shifts

Gradualism

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Major Figures and Contributors in
the Theory of Evolution (4)

Charles Darwin;
Alfred Russel Wallace;
Thomas Malthus;
Gregor Mendel

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He Developed the theory of natural selection and
published On the Origin of Species, providing
extensive evidence for evolution.

Charles Darwin

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He Independently conceived the idea of natural
selection, prompting Darwin to publish his work.

Alfred Russel Wallace

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His essay on population growth influenced Darwin’s
understanding of competition and survival

Thomas Malthus

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Although not recognized in Darwin’s time, his
work on heredity later explained how traits are
passed on, integrating genetics with evolution.

Gregor Mendel

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Darwinian revolution Impact on Science and Society (5)

1.Change primitive understanding in Biology;
2.Foundation for Modern Biology;
3.Philosophy and Religion;
4.Social and Ethical Debates;
5.Integration with Genetics (Modern Synthesis)

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_____replaced static,
creationist
views with a dynamic,
naturalistic explanation for biodiversity.
➢ It laid the groundwork for modern
genetics and evolutionary biology

Darwinian model

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It explains how genetic
mutations and recombination create variation, and
how natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow
drive evolutionary change.

Modern Synthesis.

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refers to the profound shift in astronomy and natural philosophy initiated by ____ in the 16th century

Copernican Revolution; Nicolaus Copernicus

It marked the transition from the long-held ____model of the universe (Earth-centered) to the ____ model (Sun-centered), fundamentally changing humanity's understanding of the cosmos and paving the way for modern science.

Copernican Revolution; geocentric ; heliocentric

Key Concepts of Copernican Revolution (4)

Heliocentrism; Earth's Motion; Retrograde Motion; Infinite Universe Concept

___- the universe, and the Earth and other planets revolve around it. This challenged the dominant ____model, which placed Earth at the center.

Heliocentrism; Ptolemaic

The Earth rotates on its axis ___and orbits the Sun ___. This explained the apparent motion of the stars and planets without complex mechanisms

Earth's Motion; daily; annually

(planets appearing to move backward

Planetary retrograde motion

small circular orbits within larger ones

epicycles

_____was naturally explained as an effect of Earth's movement rather than requiring epicycles as in the Ptolemaic system.

Planetary retrograde motion

Though Copernicus retained some classical ideas, his model eventually led others to consider the universe as vast and possibly infinite.

Infinite Universe Concept

Major Figures and Contributions in Copernican Revolution: 4

Nicolaus Copernicus; Tycho Brahe; Johannes Kepler; Galileo Galilei

Nicolaus Copernicus Published ______ (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) in 1543, introducing the ___model

De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium; heliocentric

he Collected precise astronomical data, although he proposed a hybrid model (Earth at the center, planets orbiting the Sun).

Tycho Brahe

Built on Copernican ideas and formulated the three laws of planetary motion, showing that planets orbit the Sun in ellipses, not perfect circles.

Johannes Kepler

Used the telescope to provide empirical evidence supporting heliocentrism, observing moons orbiting Jupiter and phases of Venus.

Galileo Galilei

Impacts of the Copernican Revolution (5)

1.Scientific Paradigm Shift; 2. Decline of Earth-Centered Cosmology; 3. Advancement of the Scientific Method; 4. Conflict with Religious Authority; 5. Foundation for Modern Astronomy and Physics

_____Revolution was the first major step in the Scientific Revolution, altering how we understand the natural world and influencing science, philosophy, and culture for centuries.

Copernican

refers to the transformative shift in understanding the human mind and behavior introduced by _____ in the ___ and ___ centuries

Freudian Revolution; Sigmund Freud; late 19th and early 20th

Freud’s groundbreaking theories in _____ revolutionized psychology, psychiatry, and even broader fields like art, literature, and philosophy

psychoanalysis

Key Concepts of the Freudian Revolution: 7

1.The Unconscious Mind; 2. Structure of the Psyche; 3. Psychosexual Development 4. Defense Mechanisms; 5. Dream Analysis; 6. Oedipus Complex; 7. Talk Therapy (Psychoanalysis)

Freud proposed that much of human behavior is driven by unconscious desires, fears, and memories, beyond conscious awareness.

The Unconscious Mind

Structure of the Psyche: Freud divided the mind into three parts:

Id, Ego, Superego

The primal, instinctual part driven by pleasure.

Id:

The rational self that mediates between the id and reality.

Ego:

The internalized moral standards and societal rules.

Superego:

Freud theorized that personality develops through five stages

oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

Freud theorized that personality develops through five stages where unresolved conflicts can cause psychological issues later in life

Psychosexual Development:

The ego employs unconscious strategies like repression, denial, and projection to manage anxiety and internal conflict.

Defense Mechanisms:

Freud viewed ___as the “royal road to the unconscious,” believing they reveal hidden desires and conflicts

Dream; Dream Analysis

A controversial theory suggesting that young children experience unconscious sexual desire for the opposite-sex parent and rivalry toward the same-sex parent.

Oedipus Complex:

Freud introduced the concept of using free association and analysis of dreams and slips of the tongue to uncover unconscious conflicts

Talk Therapy (Psychoanalysis)

Major Figures and Contributions in Freudian revolution: 4

Sigmund Freud; Carl Jung; Alfred Adler; Anna Freud

Founder of psychoanalysis, he developed theories on the unconscious mind, childhood development, and the structure of personality.

Sigmund Freud

Initially a follower of Freud, he expanded on psychoanalysis by introducing concepts like the collective unconscious and archetypes

Carl Jung

Broke from Freud to develop individual psychology, emphasizing social factors over sexual drives

Alfred Adler

expanded on Freud's work by advancing child psychoanalysis and the study of defense mechanisms

Anna Freud

Impacts of the Freudian Revolution: 7

1. Transformation of Psychology and Psychiatry; 2. Normalization of Mental Illness Discussion; 3. Impact on Social and Cultural Thought; 4. Development of Psychotherapy; 5. Scientific Criticism; 6. Overemphasis on Sexuality; 7. Enduring Influence

The ____Revolution redefined how we understand the self, mental health, and human behavior, making it one of the most significant intellectual shifts of the modern era

Freudian