Chapter 1 Flashcards by Jasmine

is a systematized body of knowledge; observation and experimentation

Science

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organized and dynamic inquiry

Scientific method

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leads to formation of concepts, methods, principles, theories law which seek to describe and explain nature and its phenomena

Science

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material products; results of scientific inquiry; tools produced by a scientist.

Technology

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the application of knowledge in solving scientific and practical problems; social enterprise in different fields

Technology

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composed of a group of people living together in a more or less ordered community.

Society

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In ancient times, people are more focused on the application of their knowledge & technology in (6)

transportation and navigation;
• communication and record-keeping;
• mass production;
• security and protection;
• as well as health, aesthetics; and
• architecture

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Civilizations in Ancient Times (5)

Mesopotamian (Sumerian & Babylonian)
Egyptian
Greek
Roman
Chinese

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first known system of writing; Utilized word pictures and triangular symbols, which are carved on clay using a wedge instruments and then left to dry.

Cuneiform

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first true city; Constructed using mud or clay from the river, which they mixed with reeds, producing sun-baked bricks – a true engineering feat.

Uruk City

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mountain of god; also made from sun-baked brick

The Great Ziggurat of Ur

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Sumerians created ___ and ___ to bring water to farmlands and at the same time control the flooding of the rivers

dikes and irrigation canals

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__ were essential in transportation and trading as well as in fostering culture, information, and technology

Sailboats

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Sailboats are made up of __ and covered with ___
• First sailboats were ____ and shaped like a ___

reeds;
animal skin;
small; round basket

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Sumerians invented __to dig the land
for farm cultivation, to address the food crisis.

plow

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Sumerians worked with a variety of metals including (6)

gold, silver, tin, lead, copper and bronze

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Sumerians mixed melted copper with tin to make a new, stronger metal called ___

bronze

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was the very first civilization to invent a calendar

Ancient Sumer

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The Sumerians also invented the ___ (based on the different phases of the moon) which stated different agricultural phases in the year

zodiac

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____ medicine was a combination of natural healing techniques and surgery; cure illness by asking spiritual doctors to get rid of demons; used many different plants and mineral oils and even performed brain surgeries

Sumerians

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Among the sciences, astronomy and astrology occupied a conspicuous place in this society.

Babylonian Civilization

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mathematical accomplishments of this civilization were the determination of the square root of two correctly to seven places

Babylonians

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The ____ used a calendar with alternating 29 and 30 day months; system required the addition of an extra month three times every eight years, and as a further adjustment the king would periodically order the insertion of an additional extra month into the calendar.

ancient Babylonians

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In Babylonia, an abundance of clay and lack of stone, led to the use of ___.

Babylonian temples were massive structures of ____

mudbrick;
crude brick.

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The ___ built by ___ in honour of ‘Marduk’ and big granary to preserve grains for future calamities testify the architectural skills of the Babylonians.

great Ziggurat; Hammurabi;

The famous ____ is said to be a structure made up of layers upon layers of gardens that contained several species of plants, trees, and vines

hanging garden

___ are the earliest paper-like material during the ___ civilization

Papyrus sheets; egyptian

The Egyptians mixed (3) to make black ink. They replaced ___ with other materials such as ___ to make various colours

vegetable gum, soot and bee wax; soot; ochre

A character used in a system of pictorial writing, particularly that form used on ancient Egyptian monuments; It was the language that tells the modern world of the history and culture of the ancient Egyptians

Hieroglyphics

Using the power of oxen to pull the plough revolutionized agriculture and modified versions of this Egyptian invention are still used by farmers in developing countries around the world.

The Ox-drawn Plough

is a curved blade used for cutting and harvesting grain, such as wheat and barley.

sickle

The Egyptians constructed __ and ___ to harness Nile river’s yearly flood and bring water to distant fields.

canals and irrigation ditches

The ____ is a long balancing pole with a weight on one end and a bucket on the other. • The bucket is filled with water and easily raised then emptied onto higher ground.

Shadoof

The Egyptians devised the solar calendar by recording the yearly reappearance of ____ (the Dog Star) in the ___ sky.

Sirius; eastern

Their calendar had 365 days and 12 months with 30 days in each month and an additional five festival days at the end of the year.

Egyptian calendar

he added one day to the 365 days every four years

Ptolemy III

___ were used as sun clocks by noting how its shadow moved around its surface throughout the day; the use of this identified the longest and shortest days of the year.

Obelisks

This device utilizes gravity which affects the flow of water from one vessel to the other.

Clepsydra

Egyptians use ___- a combination of soot or malachite and mineral galena

Kohl

The _____ shows the Egyptians invented medical surgery. It describes 48 surgical cases of injures of the (5); earliest document to make a study of the brain

Edwin Smith Papyrus; head, neck, shoulders, breast and chest.

It includes a list of instruments used during surgeries with instructions for the suturing of wounds using a needle and thread; This list includes (6)

Edwin Smith Papyrus; lint, swabs, bandage, adhesive plaster, surgical stitches and cauterization.

The ____ has a collection of surgical instruments which include scalpels, scissors, copper needles, forceps, spoons, lancets, hooks, probes and pincers.

Cairo Museum

egyptian's way of preserving bodies of the dead is called ___ which showed the evidence pf the disease ___ caused by small, parasitic flatworms

Mummification; bilharziasis (schistosomiasis),

Greek math: he studied geometry and discovered theories about circles, lines, angles, and triangles.

Thales

Greek Math: ___ also studied geometry. He discovered the ___ which is still used today to find the sides of a right triangle.

Pythagoras; Pythagorean Theorem

Greek math: ___ wrote several books on the subject of geometry called ___.

Euclid; Elements

___ studied animals in great detail and wrote down his observations in a book called the ___.

Aristotle; History of Animals.

He heavily influenced zoologists for years by classifying animals according to their different characteristics

Aristotle

most famous Greek doctor; taught that diseases had natural causes and they could sometimes be cured by natural means

Hippocrates

The ____ to uphold medical ethics is still taken by many medical students today.

Hippocratic Oath

made use of water that dropped into drums which sounded alarmed; Utilized by Plato

Water Clock

___-A mill for grinding grain that is powered by water. The Greeks invented the ____ used to power the mill and the toothed gears used to transfer the power to the mill

Water Mill; waterwheel

___ is the study and practice of making maps. It has played an important role in travel and navigation since ancient times.

Cartography

Made of bones or wooden sticks covered by leaves or wood panels as far back as the 4th century BC.

Umbrellas (Ancient Greeks)

The Greeks invented the __ to help lift heavy items such as blocks for constructing buildings. They also made ___ by adding limestone to a mixture of clay, water, and sand.

crane; cement

Architectural Designs of Greek (3)

Doric Ionic Corinthian

___ - it was an efficient way to move water up a hill

Archimedes' Screw

First known newspaper, that contained the announcement of the empire; Engraved in metal or stone tablets

Gazettes

A stack of bound pages that is recognized as the earliest incarnation of the book; first __ were made of bound wax tablets, but these were later replaced by animal skin parchment that more clearly resembled pages.

Codex

Many ancient Roman structures like the ___, the ___ and the ___ are still standing today thanks to the development of Roman cement and concrete.

Pantheon, Colosseum, Roman Forum

___ is a combination of slaked lime, pozzolana (volcanic ash) for sticky paste, and tuff (volcanic rocks)

Roman concrete

Route water over long distances using gravity alone; used gravity to transport water along stone, lead and concrete pipelines and into city centers

Aqueducts

Invented many surgical tools and pioneered the use of the cesarean section, but their most valuable contributions to medicine came on the battlefield

Roman civilizations

Roman medical innovations like ___ and ___ to curb blood loss.

hemostatic tourniquets; arterial surgical clamps

They were even known to disinfect instruments in hot water before use, pioneering a form of antiseptic surgery that was not fully embraced until the 19th century

Romans

One of the oldest fibers, harvested from the silk worm and process to produced paper and cloth

Silk

produced by pouring hot or boiling water over crushed dried tea leaves

Tea Production

Chinese Constructed __ to keep out foreign invaders and control the borders

Great Wall of China

Invented by Chinese Taoist alchemists about 1000 A.D. who aimed to create an elixir to achieve immortality. They mixed charcoal, sulfur, and potassium nitrate.

Gun Powder

is a navigational instrument that shows directions

compass

The oldest Chinese medicine book “___”, also known as “The Classic of Internal Medicine of the Yellow Emperor”, shows that ___ was widely used as a therapy in China much before the time it was written

Neijing; acupuncture

The earliest porcelain emerged in ___ and matured during the ___; During the ____, porcelain production technology reached an unprecedented height due to its focus on shape and the tactile experiences of the glaze.

Shang Dynasty (1600– 1046 BCE); Tang Dynasty (618-906); Song Dynasty (960–1279)

Legend has it, ___, a Chinese carpenter and inventor created the first umbrella. Inspired by children using lotus leaves as rain shelter, he created umbrella by making a flexible framework covered by a cloth.

Lu Ban

___is a device that plants the seed into soil at a uniform depth and covers it. If without this device farmers had to plant the seeds by hand, resulting in waste and uneven growth

seed drill

___Invented by ___ Invented to address the need for publishing books that would spread information to many people at a faster rate

Printing Press; Johann Gutenberg

With this device, people were able to observe microorganisms. The tools that open the invisible world of microorganisms.

Microscope

An optical instrument that helps in the observation of remote objects

Telescope

Used by navigators astronomers who studied the movement of celestial bodies; is used to measure the position of the Sun and different stars in the sky accurately; invented during the medieval ages with the earliest appearing in ____ during the 12th century.

Astrolabes; Moorish Spain

is a device that helps in recognizing the cardinal points of the Earth, namely North, South, East, and West.

compass

process of heating dairy products to kill the harmful bacteria; Also prevent illness caused by harmful bacteria

Pasteurization

___, invented kerosene by refining petroleum Kerosene was later referred “___”

Samuel M. Kier; illuminating oil

Telephone was Developed by ___ Allows faster and easier ways of communication and information dissemination

Alexander Graham Bell

Computing devise that computes complicated equation faster and easier

Calculator

Philippine Inventions (5)

Salamander Amphibious Tricycle Salt Lamp Medical Incubator Mosquito Ovicidal/ Larvicidal Trap System E -Jeepney

an amphibious tricycle that can cross not only flood streets but also rivers and lakes Name of invention and inventor/s

Salamander Amphibious Tricycle; Dominic N. Chung and Lamberto Armada, together with chief designer Victor “Atoy” Llave,

environmental friendly light source that runs on salt water Name of invention and inventor/s

Sustainable Altenative Lighting (SALt) lamp ;Aisa Mijeno

____ devised from indigenous and cheap material which is not run by electricity Its main purpose was to maintain conditions suitable for a newborn, usually pre-term Name of invention and inventor/s

Medical incubator; Dr. Fe del Mundo (filipino pediatrician)

Trap system made of natural ingredients that are lethal to mosquito but safe from human and the environment Name of invention and inventor/s

Mosquito Ovicidal/ Larvicidal Trap System (OL trap); DOST-ITDI

A modern type of transportation that utilizes electricity instead of diesel It is environmental friendly since it does not emit any smoke and noise

E -Jeepney