Chapter 2 Flashcards
four goals or philosophical orientations of punishment
retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, and treatment (rehabilitation)
Focus on offender
treatment and specific deterrence
focus more on the crime that was committed
general deterrence, retribution, and incapacitation
Retribution
Implies that offenders committing a crime should be punished in a like fashion or in a manner that is commensurate with the severity of the crime.
Incapacitation
Incapacitation
Deprives offenders of their liberty and removes them from society with the intent of ensuring that society cannot be further victimized
Deterrence (general and specific)
General deterrence occurs when observers see that offenders are punished for a given crime and are themselves discouraged from committing crime. Specific deterrence is punishment upon a specific offender in the hope that the offender will be discouraged from committing future crimes.
Rehabilitation
Offenders will be deterred from reoffending due to their having worthwhile stakes in legitimate society.
Restorative justice
Interventions that focus on restoring the health of the community, repairing the harm done, meeting victims’ needs, and emphasizing that the offender can and must contribute to those repairs.
Reintegration
Focused on the reentry of the offender into society.
Restorative Justice
interventions that focus on restoring the health of the community, repairing the harm done, meeting victims’ needs, and emphasizing that the offender can and must contribute to those repairs.
Mitigating factors
Circumstances that make a crime more understandable and help to reduce the level of culpability that an offender might have.
Aggravating circumstances
Magnify the offensive nature of a crime and tend to result in longer sentences.
Indeterminate sentencing
sentencing that includes a range of years that will be potentially served by the offender
determinate sentencing
consists of fixed periods of incarceration with no later flexibility in the term that is served
determinate presumptive sentence
This type of sentence specifies the exact length of the sentence to be served by the inmate.
determinate discretionary sentence
Type of sentence with a range of time to be served; the specific sentence to be served within that range is decided by the judge.
Mandatory minimum:
A minimum amount of time or a minimum percentage of a sentence must be served with no good time or early-release modifications.
Disparity
Inconsistencies in sentencing and/or sanctions that result from the decision-making process.
Discrimination
A differential response toward a group without providing any legally legitimate reasons for that response.
Smarter Sentencing Act of 2014:
A bill that adjusts federal mandatory sentencing guidelines in an effort to reduce the size of the U.S. prison population.
individual personality traits:
Traits associated with criminal behavior.
defiance, self-assertiveness, extroversion, impulsivity, narcissism, mental instability, a tendency toward hostility, a lack of concern for others, resentment, and a distrust of authority.
positive reinforcers
Rewards for a desired behavior.
we provided a certificate of achievement for offenders who completed a life skills program
Negative reinforcers
Unpleasant stimuli that are removed when a desired behavior occurs.
remove the requirement of wearing electronic monitoring devices when offenders successfully maintained their scheduled meetings and appointments for a full year without any lapse in attendance.
positive punishment
Punishment where a stimulus is applied to the offender when the offender commits an undesired behavior.
we might require offenders to pay an additional fee if they are late in paying restitution to the victim of their crime.
