Chapter 1 Flashcards
Define corrections and the role it has in the criminal justice system
-A process whereby practitioners engage in organized security and treatment functions to correct criminal tendencies among the offender population.
-The agencies and organizations consist of the practitioners under their employment and/or in their service, and the facilities or physical structures are the tools of the practitioner.
five segments
law enforcement, the courts, corrections, the juvenile justice system, and victim services
correctional system that is least understood, least visible, and least respected among much of society
Brutalization hypothesis
use of harsh punishments sensitizes people to violence and essentially teaches them to use violence rather than acting as a deterrent
Code of Hammurabi
The earliest known written code of punishment.
Lex talionis
The earliest known written code of punishment.
Trial by ordeal
very dangerous and/or impossible tests used to prove the guilt or innocence of the accused.
Sanctuary
provided until some form of negotiation could be arranged or until the accused was ultimately smuggled out of the area
Public wrongs
crimes against society or a social group and historically tended to include sacrilege as well as other crimes against religion, treason, witchcraft, incest, sex offenses of any sort, and even violations of hunting rules
Private wrong
wrongs might have included physical injury, damage to a person’s property, or theft.
Gag
Ducking stool
Stocks
Pillory
Branding
Whipping
Capital Punishment
Banishment and transportation
Hulk imprisonment
Indentured servitude
-humiliation, A device that constrained persons who were known to constantly scold others
-Humiliation and deterrence, Punishment that used a chair suspended over a body of water
-Humiliation, Wooden frames that were built outdoors, usually in a village or town square.
-Humiliation, Similar to the stock except the pillory consisted of a single large bored hole where the offended
-Humiliation and warn public, Usually on the thumb with a letter denoting the offense.
-Deterrence, Lashing the body of a criminal offender in front of a public audience.
-Deterrence, Putting the offender to death in front of a public audience
- Deterrence, Exile from society.
- Retribution and incapacitation, Offenders kept in unsanitary decommissioned naval vessels.
- Retribution and incapacitation, Offender subjected to labor in the form of debt bondage.
Charles Montesquieu (1689-1755)
Voltaire philosopher who wrote Persian letters on criminal law abuses in Europe
John Howard (1726-1790)
Sheriff of Bedfordshire in England, advocated prison reform and wrote State of Prisons treatise for British Parliament.
Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)
Believed behavior could be determined through scientific principles, created pleasure-pain hypothesis (hedonistic calculus)
William Penn (1644-1718)
He was associated with the great law and Quaker reform and was an advocate for humane prison conditions
Francois Voltaire (1694-1778)
Wrote critically of the French government and was imprisoned in the Bastile.
Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794)
Wrote treatise An Essay on Crimes and Punishment, was an anti-death penalty activist, and is the father of classical criminology.
The Old Newgate Prison
located in Connecticut, was the first official prison in the United States.
Walnut Street Jail
America’s first attempt to incarcerate inmates with the purpose of reforming them
Western State penitentiary
Located in Pennsylvania, solitary cells for 200 inmates
Eastern State Penitentiary
inmates spent 24 hours a day in their cells. conditions were more humane.
Black codes
Separate laws were required for slaves and free men who turned criminal.
Elmira Reformatory:
The first reformatory prison.
Mark system
A system where the duration of the sentence was determined by the inmate’s work habits and righteous conduct.
Progressive Era:
A period of extraordinary urban and industrial growth and unprecedented social problems.
