chapter 2 Flashcards
med terms
Homeostasis
State of equilibrium that is maintained in the body’s internal environment to support and sustain life.
Anatomical term
Refers to the terms that are used to describe the human body
Cell
basic building block of the human body
Order
atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Ex of an atom
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
Ex of a molecule
sugars, proteins, water
Ex of an organelle
mitochondrion, nucleus, ribosomes
Ex of a cell
epithelial cells, nerve cells, muscle cells
Ex of tissue
epithelial tissue, nervous tissue, muscle tissue, connective tissue
Ex of an organ
lung, brain, stomach, kidney
Ex of organ systems
Respiratory system, nervous system, digestive system, circulatory system
tissue
a grouping of similar cells that work together to perform a specialized function
epithelial tissue
forms outer surfaces of the body and lines body cavities, as well as the tubes that lead to the exterior of the body.
functions as protection, sensation, secretion, absorption, excretion, and diffusion. specialized cells in the skin, eyes, ears, nose, and tongue to help the body interpret sensory stimuli.
Secretes hormones, enzymes, and lubricating fluids from various glands.
Lines small intestine and aids the body in absorbing nutrients from food.
Secretes waste products in the kidneys and sweat from skin.
Found in lungs, and capillaries where the diffusion of gases, liquids and nutrients occur.
Connective Tissue
Builds the support for the body’s organs and muscle sheaths and also connects muscle to bones and bones to joint.
Most abundant tissue in the body
Muscle Tissue
Forms muscle throughout the body
3 types
1. Skeletal muscle: Voluntarily controlled and is used by the body for movement and posture.
2. Smooth muscle: Involuntarily and is found in organs such as the esophagus, stomach, intestine, and bladder. It is not under conscious control and is instead controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
3. Cardiac muscle: Found in the heart, and it is also involuntarily and controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
Nervous Tissue
Functions to communicate throughout the body.
Nerve cells are excitable and can conduct electricity
Nervous tissue coordinates and controls the function of the body.
Organs
Structures in the body that perform specific purposes
Systems
Groups of different organs functioning together for a common purpose
Integumentary
Protective membrane, temperature regulator, sensory receptor
Skeletal
Framework and movement: Shape, support, protection, and storage place for minerals. Movement is made possible through joints
Muscular
Framework and movement: Muscles produce movement, maintain posture, and produce heat
Nervous
Communication and control: Transmits impulses, responds to change, responsible for communication, and exercises control over all parts of the body
Endocrine
Communication and control: Glands of this system produce hormones, chemical messengers, that provide for communication and control over the various parts of the body
Cardiovascular
Transportation and immunity: Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide, dissolves nutrients and hormones, and removes waste products
Blood and Lymphatic System
Transportation and immunity: Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide, chemical substances and cells that act to protect the body from foreign substances. Stimulates immune response, protects the body, and transports proteins and fluids.
Respiratory System
Distribution and elimination: furnishes oxygen for use by individual tissue cells and removes their gaseous waste product, carbon dioxide.
Digestive System
Distribution and elimination: digestion, absorption, and elimination
Urinary
Distribution and elimination: produces urine, transports urine and eliminates urine. The kidneys help maintain electrolyte, water, and acid-base balance of the body
Reproductive
Cycle of life: Responsible for sexual characteristics of the male and or female. Proper functioning ensures survival of the human race
Anatomical position/ plane
Body is upright, face forward, arms out, palms forward
Sagittal
Divides the body/ structure vertically into right and left sections
Midsagittal
Divides the body/ structure into equal right and left halves at the midline
Transverse/ Horizontal
Divides the body/ structure into superior and inferior sections
Coronal/ frontal
Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections. At a right angel to the midsagittal plane
Super
Above, in an upward direction, towards the head
Inferior- infer/o
Below in a downward direction, toward the feet
Anterior- Anter/o
In front of, before, front side of the body
Posterior- Poster/o
Toward the backside of the body
Cephalic- Cephal/o
Pertaining to the head, superior in position
Caudal- Caud/o
Pertaining to the tail, inferior in position
Medial- medi/o
Nearest to midline or middle
Lateral- Later/o
To the side, away from the middle
Proximal- Proxim/o
Nearest to point of attachment, near point of origin
Distal- Dist/o
Away from the point of attachment, near point of origin
Deep
Further below surface
Superficial
Near to surface
Cavities
Hallow spaces that contain organs. Enclosed with membranes
Cranial Cavity
Contains the brain. The brain is protected by a membrane sac called meninges. Protected by the skull
Posterior side cavities
Cranial and Spinal
Anterior side cavities
Thoracic and Abdominopelvic
Spinal Cavity
Contains spinal cord. Protected by the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae and covered by meninges.
Thoracic Cavity
Contains heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea, aorta, and thymus gland. Protected by ribs, separated from the abdominopelvic cavity by diaphragm. The thoracic cavity is divided into mediastinum and pleural cavities.
Mediastinum
The central region of the thoracic cavity. Contains heart, trachea, esophagus, aorta, and thymus glad.
2 pleural cavities
Lateral to the mediastinum on either side. Contains lungs, covered by a membrane called pleura.
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Divided into superior sections and inferior sections. (abdominal & pelvic cavity)
Peritoneum
The membrane that covers the abdominopelvic cavity.
Abdominal Cavity
Contains stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, small intestines, and most of the large intestines
Pelvic Cavity
Contains urinary bladder, ureters, urethra, and last section of the large intestine in both sexes. Contains reproductive organs
Females: vagina, uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes
Males: prostate gland, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral gland, and vas deferens
Right hypochondriac region
The right lateral side of the upper row under the ribs that connect to the sternum via cartilage
Epigastric region
The middle area of the upper row that is above the stomach
Left Hypochondriac region
The left lateral side of the upper row
Right lumbar region
Right lateral side of the middle row, near the waiste
Umbilical region
Middle area of the middle row containing the umbilicus
Left lumbar region
Left lateral side of the middle row
Right iliac region
Right lateral side of the lower row near the groin
Hypogastric region
Middle area of the lower row near the groin
Left iliac region
Left lateral side of the lower row
RUQ
Contains the majority of the liver, right kidney, a portion of the large intestine, a small portion of the pancreas, the gallbladder, and a section of the small intestines
RLQ
Contains portions of the large intestine, and portions of the small intestine. The right ureter, appendix, and in females, the right ovary and right fallopian tube
LLQ
Contains portions of the small and large intestines, left ureter, and in females, left ovary, and left uterine tube
LUQ
Contains a small portion of the liver, spleen, left kidney, stomach, majority of the pancreas and portions of the small and large intestines.
