Ch 4 Exam Flashcards
endocrine system
controls the secretions of hormones from several glands located throughout the body
glands
organs that secrete or release hormones into the bloodstream
hormones
chemical substances that are released from the glands in small amounts and travel thru the blood to other tissues and organs
endocrinology
study of the endocrine system
endocrinologist
physician that dx and treats the conditions of the endocrine system
pituitary
located in brain
master gland
regulates other endocrine glands
pineal
located in brain
regulates sleep
thyroid
located in neck
anterior to trachea
metabolism, growth and development
parathyroid
located in neck
maintains calcium and phosphate levels
2 pairs superior and interior
pancreas
located in epigastric area of abdomen
blood glucose regulation
adrenals
located in abdomen above the kidneys
regulates sodium & potassium, carbs metabolism, sex hormones, and epinephrine secretion in emergencies
2 parts: adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
ovaries, testes
located in pelvis
male and female secondary sexual characteristics
thymus
located in mediastinum, in front of heart
regulates the immune system
adenohypophsis
anterior portion of the pituitary gland
Secretes:
growth hormones
adrenocorticotropin hormone
thyroid-stimulating hormone
follicle-stimulating hormone
prolactin hormone
melanocyte-stimulating hormone
growth hormone (GH)
regulates the growth and development of the bones, muscles, and to other organs
adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)
regulates the growth of the adrenal cortex
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
stimulates the growth of the thyroid gland
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
control sex glands in males and females
prolactin hormone
stimulates the growth and development of the mammary glands
melanocyte-stimulating hormone
controls skin pigmentation
neurohypophysis
posterior portion of the pituitary gland
secretes:
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
oxytocin
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
regulates the secretion or reabsorption of water in the kidneys
oxytocin
stimulates the uterus to contract during childbirth and release of milk from the mammary glands
thyroid secretes
thyroxine (T4)
triiodothyronine (T3)
calcitonon
t4: maintains and regulates the basic metabolic rate of the body
growth and development of the body
and metabolism of nutrients, water, vitamins, and minerals
t3: also regulates the basic metabolic rate
calcitonin: involved in bone and calcium metabolism
parathyroid secretes
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
involved in maintaining calcium levels and the metabolism of phosphorus
islets of langerhans
cell clusters in pancreas
secrete the hormone insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin
insulin
stimulates the cells of the body to take in glucose from the bloodstream for metabolism
glucagon
increases the blood glucose level by breaking down glycogen into glucose
somatostatin
decreases the production of both insulin and glucagon
gastrointestinal mucosa
epithelial lining of the stomach and intestines
secrete several hormones related to digestion
gastrin
stimulates the production of gastric acid in the stomach
breaks down food
secretin
stimulates the secretion of pancreatic enzymes, bile, and other secretions from the intestines that also are involved in the digestion of food
cholecystokinin
controls the gallbladder
enterogastrone
regulates secretions from the stomach
adrenal glands
adrenal cortex in the outer portion of the adrenal gland
adrenal medulla is the inner portion of the adrenal gland
adrenal cortex secretes
glucocorticoids
mineralocorticoids
androgens
glucocorticoids
hormones that are involved in carb metabolism
main glucocorticoids are cortisol and corticosterone
mineralocorticoids
main one is aldosterone
involved in the regulation of electrolyte and fluid balance
androgens
stimulate the development of make characteristics
testosterone and androsterone
adrenal medulla secrete
catecholamines
catecholamines
involved in nervous system regulation
dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine are 3 crucial hormones involved in sympathetic nervous system function
reproductive organs are
ovaries
testes
placenta
ovaries
produce estrogen and progesterone
2 hormones involved in the regulation of female sex organs
testes
produce testosterone
involved in the regulation of male sex organs
placenta
produced during pregnancy
secretes hormones involved in the growth and development of the fetus
thymus secretes
hormones involved in the function of the immune system.
thymosin and thymopoietin
acr/o
extremity, point
aden/o
gland
adren/o, adrenal/o
adrenal gland
crin/o
to secrete
gluc/o
sweet, sugar, glucose
hirsut/o
hairy
hydr/o
water
myx/o
mucus
pancreat/o
pancreas
parathyroid/o
parathyroid gland
pituitar/o
pituitary gland
thym/o
thymus
thyr/o, thyroid/o
thyroid gland
toxic/o
poison
acromegaly
marked enlargement of the bones of the face, jaw, and extremeties
adenoma
tumor of the gland
albuminuria
protein in the urine
endocrinologist
physician who specializes in the endocrine system
euthyroid
normal activity of the thyroid gland
exocrine
pertains to a gland that secretes into ducts
exophthalmic
an abnormal condition where the eyeballs protrude
gigantism
pathologic condition of being abnormally large
glandular
pertaining to a gland
glycosuria
glucose in the urine
hirsutism
abnormal condition w/ excessive growth of hair
hypergonadism
excessive secretion of the sex glands
hypogonadism
deficient secretion of the sex glands
hypoparathyroidism
condition where the parathyroid gland secretions are deficient
ketonuria
urinary excretions of ketones
myxedema
condition of mucus swelling
results from severe hypothyroidism and w/o treatment can result in coma and death
polydipsia
condition of excessive thirst
polyphagia
condition of excessive eating
polyuria
excessive urination
thyroidectomy
surgical excision of the thyroid gland
thyroiditis
inflammation of the thyroid gland
thyrotoxicosis
condition of toxic over secretions of hormones from the thyroid gland
bg
blood glucose
bmr
basal metabolic rate
di
diabetes insipidus
dm
diabetes mellitus
fbs
fasting blood sugar
gtt
glucose tolerance test
hrt
hormone replacement therapy
iddm
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
niddm
non-insulin-dependant diabetes mellitus
tft
thyroid function test
hypersecretion
too much hormone produced
hyposecretion
too little hormone produced
cushings disease
condition that develops when the adrenal cortex produces too much of the hormone cortisol
diabetes mellitus
disease w/ abnormal glucose metabolism.
insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps with the entry of glucose into the cells of the body for metabolism or energy
diabetic ketoacidosis
condition where the body is using fat as its main source of fuel rather than carbs
hyperthyroidism
condition where there is an excess of thyroid hormone secreted by the thyroid gland
graves disease
autoimmune disease where antibodies stimulate the thyroid to produce too much t4
can also cause toxic multinodular goiter, thyroiditis, and benign or malignant tumors
toxic multinodular goiter
an enlargement of the thyroid gland that then produces too much thyroid hormone
hyperthyroidism symptoms
hyperactivity, nervousness, irritability, sweating, palpitations, weight loss, diarrhea, and easy fatigue
hypothyroidism
a deficiency of thyroid hormone
commonly caused by an autoimmune disease called hashimotos thyroiditis
symptoms:
result of basal metabolic rate slowing down
feeling tired and weak, dry skin, feeling cold, hair loss, weight gain, and dyspnea
nervous system
responsible for coordinating all of the activities of the body
receives info from sensory receptors located throughout the body and then uses that info to coordinate the activities of the muscles, organs, and glands to maintain homeostasis
neurology
study of the nervous system
neurologist
physician that specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of the medical conditions of the nervous system
neurosurgeon
physician that can operate on the organs of the nervous system
central nervous system
spinal cord and brain
protected by the skull and vertebrae of the skeletal system and by 3 tissue membranes (meninges)
3 meninges
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater
cerebrospinal fluid
surround the brain and spinal cord
produced by the ventricles in the brain
cerebrum
largest part of the brain
contains the nerve centers that control all sensory and motor activity, memories, consciousness, emotions, and voluntary movements
cerebellum
helps to coordinate sensory perception and motor output
diencephalon
consist of the thalamus and hypothalamus
thalamus
relay center for incoming sensory and motor impulses
sends messages onto the cerebrum
hypothalamus
regulates the autonomic nervous system
part of the nervous system that controls involuntary body functions and serves as the connection b/w the endocrine- nervous system
brain stem
lower part of the brain that connects the spinal cord w/ the cerebellum and the cerebrum
3 parts: pons, midbrain, and medulla oblongata
controls breathing, swallowing, coughing, vomiting, heartbeat, and BP
spinal cord
extends from the brain stem down to the lumbar vertebrae
conducts sensory impulses from the peripheral nervous system to the brain and motor impulses from the brain to the spinal nerves.
peripheral nervous system
contains the nerves that come from the brain and the spinal cord that innervate the rest of the body
cranial nerves
nerves that originate in the brain
12 pairs attached to the brain and innervate the senses, motor movements of the head, shoulders, swallowing, breathing, speech, and the muscles of the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
spinal nerves
originate in the spinal cord
have a sensory and motor component
branch out into smaller and smaller nerves that innervate the entire body
contains 2 roots:
dorsal root/ ventral root
dorsal root
carries the sensory input to the spinal cord to be sent to the brain
ventral root
carries the motor output to the muscles and the organs
autonomic nervous system
section of the PNS that controls the involuntary functions of the body such as sweating, gland secretion, BP, smooth muscles of organs, and the heart.
2 divisions:
parasympathetic branch/ sympathetic branch
parasympathetic branch
regulates the daily functioning of the body and maintains homeostasis
sympathetic branch
activated in emergency sitations
creates a flight or fight response to stress
alges/o
pain
cephal/o
head
cerebr/o
cerebrrum
encephala/o
brain
esthesi/o
sensation
hypn/o
sleep
lob/o
lobe
lumb/o
low back
mening/o
meninges
myel/o
bone marrow/ spinal cord
neuro/o
nerve
papill/o
papilla
radicul/o
nerve root
scler/o
hardening
spin/o
spine
ventricul/o
ventricle
akinesia
loss of or lack of voluntary motion
amnesia
condition in which there is a loss or lack of memory
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
muscular weakness and atrophy, with spasticity due to degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord
aka lou gehrigs disease
analgesia
a lack of sensation of pain
anesthesia
temporary condition, induced by meds, w/ a lack of feeling, pain, and responsivness
anesthesiologist
physician that specializes in the study of anesthesia
aphagia
lack of the ability to swallow
aphasia
lack of the ability to speak due to a brain lesion or injury
apraxia
lack of the ability to use objects properly or recognize common objects
asthenia
lack of strength
bradykinesia
abnormal slowness of movement
cerebellar
pertaining to the cerebellum
cerebral palsy
medical disorder where damage to the motor control centers of the brain causes motor dysfunction
chorea
abnormal involuntary movement causing rapid, jerking movements of the face or extremitiies
coma
unconscious state from which the patient cannot be arounsed
concussion
head injury w/ a temporary loss of brain function
craniectomy
surgical excision of a portion of the skull
craniotomy
surgical incision into the skull
discectomy
surgical excision of an intervertebral diskd
dyslexia
difficulty reading and writing words
dysphasia
lack of the ability to speak due to a brain lesion or injury
encephalitis
inflammation of the brain
encephalopathy
pathological dysfunction of the brain
epidural
injection of meds into the space above the dura mater as a means of pain control
guillain barre syndrome
self limiting conditon where the myelin sheaths covering the peripheral nerves are destroyed
resulting in muscular weakness starting in the periphery and moving proximally
hemiparesis
weakness on 1 side of the body
hemiplegia
paralysis on one half of the body
herniated disc syndrome
compression of the spinal nerve by herniation of the central nervous portion of an intervertebral disk
hydrocephalus
literally water in the head
condition where there is an increased amount of cerebrospinal fluid
hyperalgesia
extreme sensitivity to painful stimuli
hyperkinesia
increased muscle movement
intracranial
pertaining to w/n the skull
laminectomy
surgical excision of the posterior arch of a vertabrae
lobotomy
surgical incision into the frontal lobe of the cerebellum
meningitis
inflammation of the meninges of the spinal cord or brain
meningocele
congenital hernia or saclike protrusion of the meninges thru a defect in the spine or skull
myelitis
inflammation of the spinal cord
narcolepsy
sleep disorder where recurrent episodes of uncontrollable drowsiness or sleep occur during the day
neuralgia
pain in a nerve or nerves
neuritis
inflammation of a nerve
neuropathy
any disorder affecting the nervous system
neurotransmitter
chemical substance that carries nerve impulses b/w nerve cells
palsy or paralysis
loss of power or voluntary movements and/ or sensation in a muscle due to injury or disease of the nerve supply
papilledema
swelling of the optic disk in the eye
caused by an increased pressure w/in the cranium
paraplegia
paralysis of the lower exremities
paresis
slight, partial or incomplete paralysis
paresthesia
abnormal sensation, numbness, or tingling
polyneuritis
inflammation of many nerves
quadriplegia
paralysis of all 4 extremities due to injury to the spinal cord
sciatica
severe pain along the course of the sciatic nerve
spondylosyndesis
surgical procedure to fuse vertebrae after removal of the intervertebral disk
subdural
pertaining to below the dura mater, one of the meninges that cover the brain
syncope
temporary loss of consciousness
fainting
tactile
pertaining to the senses of touch
ad
Alzheimer disease
adl
activities of daily living
cp
cerebral palsy
csf
cerebrospinal fluid
cva
cerebrovascular accident
eeg
electroencephalogram
gcs
glasgow coma scale
icp
intracranial presssure
Lp
lumbar puncture
ms
multiple sclerosis
pd
parkinsons disease
tbi
traumatic brain injury
dementia
progressive deterioration of a patients cognitive abilities and memories that then impairs the performance of adl’s, thinking, reasoning, and remembering
most common cause of dementia
alzheimers dementia, ad, vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia, and parkinsons disease
mini mental state exam, mmse
screening tool used to help w/ the diagnosis of dementia
assesses the patient’s memory, orientation, language comprehension, naming and copying
brain tumor
can be seen on images of the brain w/ ct scan, pet scan, or mri
neuroma
tumor of the nerve cells and nerve fibers
astrocytoma
tumor of the brain that is made up of astrocytes
most common type of primary brain tumor
oligodendroglioma
a malignant tumor of the nervous system located in the cns
meningioma
benign tumor of the meninges and can be cured by surgical removal
cerebrovascular accidents, cva
occurs when blood flow to the brain is disrupted
strokes
can be hemorrhagic or schemic
hemorrhagic stroke
occurs when the blood vessels in the brain rupture
ischemic strokes
occur when blood clots block the flow of blood to the brain
these blood clots are either embolism or a thrombosis
embolism
clot that travels to the brain from another area of the body
aneurysm
weakness in the blood vessel wall that is at risk for hemorrhage
infarct
area of tissue damage or death due to lack of blood supply
seizure
episodes where there is sudden, abnormal, and excessive activity of the cns leading to changes in attention and/ or behavior that the patient is unable to contol
epilepsy
chronic disorder where the patient experiences recurrent seizures
multiple sclerosis, ms
chronic disease of the cns that commonly caused by the immune system
characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and then scarring of the nerves
parkinsons disease
disorder where the nerve cells that control movement begin to deteriorate
decreases amt of dopamine: a neurotransmitter that carries impulses from 1 neuron to another
symptoms of pd
tremor of extremities at rest, bradykinesia, akinesia, rigid limbs, shuffling gait, and a stooped posture.
tremor starts on 1 side of the body then progresses to the other side
deep brain stimulation
surgical procedure used to treat symptoms of pd when meds are no longer effective.
a planted device that delivers electronic stimulation of the areas of the brain that control movement
special senses
divisions of the nervous system that have specialized organs that are devoted to that sense.
organs include ears, eyes, nose and tongue
opthalmology
study of the eye and vison
optemetry
area of medicine that assesses the eye to detect vision problems
optometrist
prescribes corrective eyewear
otorhinolaryngology
study of the ears, nose and throat
ent
audiology
study of hearing
audiologist
assess a patients hearing and can prescribe hearing aids
ear
organ dedicated to detecting sound and maintaining balance
outer ear
middle ear
inner ear
outer ear
functions to detect sound and then funnel that sound to the inner structures of the ear.
consist of the auricle or pinna and the external acoustic meatus or auditory canal
outer ear ends at the tympanic membrane
middle ear
air filled cavitiy in the temporal bone of the skull
contains 3 small bones or ossicles that are involved in hearing, namely the malleus incus and stapes
inner ear
starts w/ oval window
contains the cochlea
vestibule
semicircular canals
cochlea
has sensory receptors that sense hearing and tranmits that info to the brain via the cochlear nearve
vestibule and semicircular canals
detect the body’s equilibrium, balance and position
eye
organ that is dedicated to the sense of sight
external structures
orbit
eyelids
muscles of the eye
conjunctiva
lacrimal apparatus
orbit
cavity in skull that contains eyeballs
eyelids
thin coverings that protect the eyeball from intense light and foreign objects and keeps the eyeball moist
conjunctiva
mucus membrane on the inside of the eyelid and covers the eyeball
lacrimal apparatus
produces, stores, and removes the tears that lubricate and cleanse the eye
eyeball
contains the sclera
cornea
pupil
lens
ciliary body
choroid
vitreous body
retina
work together to allow light to pass thru to the retina where sensory receptors transmit that info to the brain via the optic nerve to detect vision
rods and cones
photoreceptor cells
rods detect dim light, used for night vision
nones detect bright light, used for color vision
nose
accessory organ of the respiratory system
external contains nares: allow air to enter the nasal cavity and internal section
internal section
divided by the nasal septum
halves contain 3 air passages that lead to the pharynx
cillia
receptor cells in the mucus membrane that detect molecules in the air associated w/ smell and send those messages to the brain via the olfactory nerve
tongue
made of skeletal muscle
accessory organ of the digestive system
moves food in mouth while chewing and also moves food to the back of the larynx to aid in swallowing
anterior surface has tastebuds that sense sweet, sour, salt, and savory
innervated by the facial, glossopharyngeal, and hypoglossal nerve
audi/o
hearing
audit/o
hearing
aur/o
ear
blephar/o
eyelid
cochle/o
cochlea
corne/o
cornea
dacry/o
tear
ir/o
iris
irid/o
iris
lacrim/o
tear
myring/o
tympanic membrane
nas/o
nose
ocul/o
eye
olfact/o
smell
opt/o
eye
ot/o
hear
phac/o
lens
pupil/o
pupil
retin/o
retina
scler/o
sclera
sinus/o
sinus
tympan/o
tympanic membrane
accommodation
process that eyes engage in to make adjustments to see objects at various distances
acoustic
pertaining to the sense of hearing
amblyopia
dull or reduced vision, lazy eye
astigmatism
a misshapen curvature of the cornea that creates a defect in the refractive pavers of the eye and the light is not focused on the retina correctly
audiogram
record of hearing
auditory
pertaining to the sense of hearing
blepharitis
inflammation of the hair follicles along the edges of the eyelids
blepharoptosis
drooping of the upper eyelids
cerumen
earwax, secreted in the external auditory canal
ceruminolytic
any substance that is put into the external auditory canal to softenear wax
chalazion
small, hard, and painless cyst of the sebaceous gland of the eyelids
corneal
pertaining to the cornea
diplopia
double vision
endolymph
clear fluid contained w/n the inner ear
entropion
turning inward of the margin of the lower eyelids
equilibrium
state of balance
esotropia
condition where 1 or both eyes turn inward, crossed eye
exotropia
turning outward of 1 or both eyes
hemianopia
blindness of half of the visual filed
hyperopia
farsightedness
intraocular
pertaining to w/n the eye
iridotomy
procedure to create a hole in the iris
keratitis
inflammation of the cornea
keratoplasty
surgical repair of the cornea
labyrinthectomy
surgical excision of the labyrinth
lacrimal
pertaining to the tears
macular degeneration
severe loss of central vision but the peripheral vision is preserved
mastoiditis
inflammation of the mastoid bones
myopia
nearsightedness
myringectomy
surgical excision of the tympanic membrane
myringoplasty
surgical repair of the tympanic membrane
myringotomy
surgical incision of the tympanic membrane to remove fluid from the ear
nystagmus
involuntary, constant, rhythmic movement of the eyeball
ocular
pertaining to the eye
opthalmoscope
instrument used to examine the interior of the eye
optic
pertaining to the eye
otalgia
ear pain
otic
pertaining to the ear
otitis
inflammation of the ear
oropharyngeal
pertaining to the ear and the pharynx
otoplasty
surgical repair of the ear
otopyorrhea
pus in the ear
otoscope
medical instrument used to examine the ear
perilymph
serum fluid of the inner ear
photophobia
intolerance to light
presbycusis
impairment of hearing that occurs w/ aging
presbyopia
farsightedness
pupillary
pertaining to the pupil
retinitis
inflammation of the retina
retinopathy
any disease of the retina
scleritis
inflammation of the sclera
strabismus
squinting
stye
inflammation of 1 or more sebaceous glands of the eyelids
aka hordeolum
tinnitus
sensation of ringing in 1 or both ears
tympanectomy
surgical excision of the tampanic membrane
tympanic
pertaining to the tympanic membrane
tympanitis
inflammation of the eardrum
xenophthalmia
inflamed condition of the ye caused by a foreign body
xerophthalmia
dryness of the conjuctivia
acc
accommodation
aom
acute otitis media
asl
American sign language
dpt
diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus
heent
head, ears, eyes, nose, throat
iop
intraocular pressure
om
otitis media
perrla
pupils equal, round, reactive to light, and accommodation
rem
rapid eye movement
tm
tympanic membrane
uri
upper respiratory infection
va
visual acuity
visual acuity
sharpness of vision
snellen eye chart
where a patient reads letters of various sizes from 20ft away
colored vision
tested w/ multicolored charts to assess patients ability to recognize different colors
tonometry
measures interocular pressure
tuning fork
tests for hearing loss
rinne test
fork is struck and then held on the mastoid process until the patient is able to hear the sound
2 types of hearing loss
conductive and sensorineural
conductive hearing loss
occurs when there is external or middle ear dysfunction, and sound cannot travel to the inner ear
otosclerosis
stiffness of the ossicles
sensorineural hearing loss
occurs when there is deterioration of the cochlea
cochlear implants
small electronic devices that are surgically implanted to stimulate the cochlea w/ sounds detected on a receiver
acute otitis media
bacterial infection of the middle ear
Eustachian tube
connects the middle ear to the throat
vertigo
sensation of movement when there is no motion or an exaggerated sense of movement in response to motion
meniere’s syndrome
condition where patients experience episodic vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, and pressure in 1 ear
labyrinthitis
inflammation of the middle ear
benign paroxysmal positioning vertigo, bppv
condition where vertigo that is associated with changes in the position of the head
cataracts
are opacities of the lens of the eye
main cause of blindness
phacolysis/ phacoemulsification
cataract is disolved w/ ultrasound and then removed, and a lens implant is put in place
conjunctivitis
inflammation of the conjunctivia
pinkeye
caused by bacterial infection but also can be caused by allergens, chemical irritants, and trauma (bacteria/ viruses)
glaucoma
condition where there is increased intraocular pressure secondary to a backup of fluid in the eye
aqueous humor
fluid that fills the anterior chamber of the eye
2 types of glaucoma
acute angle closure glaucoma and chronic glaucoma
acute angle closure glaucoma
occurs when the acute angle of the anterior chamber is blocked completely, and the aqueous humor cannot flow out of the eye
chronic glaucoma
occurs when the flow of the aqueous humor in the ye is slowed through the trabecular meshwork.
