ch3 Flashcards
skin
the largest organ in the body
protects the body, regulates temp, senses surrounding environment, and secrete substances
sebaceous glands
secrete sebum
5 layers of the epidermis
(deep to superficial)
5. stratum corneum
4. stratum lucidum
3. stratum granulosum
2. stratum spinosum
1. stratum germinativum
melanin
pigment that colors the skin
Langerhans cells
functions to protect the skin from invading microorganisms.
keratin
protein that forms hair, nails, and thick skin of the palms and soles.
dermis
made up of connective tissue
contains nerve endings, blood vessels, sebaceous and sweat glands, elastic fibers, hair follicles, and lymphatics
macule
flat, discolored spot on the skin. mole
wheal
localized, temporary elevation of the skin that is itchy. urticaria/ hives
papule
solid, confined, and elevated area on the skin. pimple
vesicle
small fluid-filled sac. blister
pustule
small elevated confined lesion that is filled with pus. pimple
ulcer
erosion, eating away of healthy tissue
fissure
crack-like slit that extends through the epidermis into the dermis
hair
thin, stringlike structure that develops out of a hair follicle (arrector pili) muscle
nails
made up of hard keratin.
made up of nail body and nail root
nail body
visible portion of the nail and covers the part of the epidermis called the nail bed
nail bed
epithelial tissue located deep to the nail body, pink color
nail root
a fold of epithelial tissue that is not visible
cuticle/ eponychium
a small portion of the epithelial fold that extends over the base of the nail body
lunula
crescent-shaped area at the base of the nail body that is lighter than the rest of the nail
free edge
top of the nail body
merocrine sweat glands
located throughout the body
release sweat directly to the skin surface
apocrine sweat glands
located in the axillae, around the nipples, and in the groin.
start to secrete at puberty
secrete sweat into the hair follicles
acr/o
extremity
aden/o
gland
albin/o
white
ang/i
vessel
caus/o
burn, burning
cellul/o
little cell
cutane/o
skin
derm/a
skin
dermat/o
skin
erythr/o
red
follicul/o
little bag
hidr/o
sweat
icter/o
jaundice
integument/o
a covering
kel/o
tumor
kerat/o
horn
leuk/o
white
melan/o
black
myc/o
fungus
onych/o
nail
pachy/o
thick
pedicul/o
a louse
plak/o
plate
prurit/o
itching
rhytid/o
wrinkle
scler/o
hard/ hardening
seb/o
oil
therm/o
hot, heat
trich/o
hair
vuls/o
to pull
xanth/o
yellow
xer/o
dry
abrasion
skin injury that scrapes away the surface of the skin
abscess
collection of pus in the skin
albinism
(white)(condition)
genetic condition where there is partial or complete absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes.
anhidrosis
(without)(sweat)(condition)
a condition where the patient is not able to sweat
autograft
(self)
graft taken from a part of the body and transferred to another part of the same person
avulsion
(away)(from pull)(process)
when a part or structure of the body, such as a finger or toe, has been forcibly torn off of the body
biopsy
(life)(view of)
surgical procedure to remove a piece of tissue for further evaluation under a micriscope
bulla
large blister
cauterization
intentional destruction of tissue by a caustic chemical, electric current, laser, or freezing
chemabrasin
(chemo=chemical)
removal of superficial layers of skin using chemicals
comedo
blackhead
contusion
blunt trauma to the skin that results in bruising w/o a break in the skin
cryosurgery
using extreme cold to freeze and destroy tissue
culture and sensitivity
lab test used to determine the specific bacteria causing an infection and the bacterials’ sensitivity to different antibiotics.
cyst
fluid-filled sac in the skin
debridement
removal of foreign material, dead, and/ or damaged tissue from a wound
dehiscence
a complication of wound healing where the edges of the wound reopen and seperate
dermabrasio
scraping the skin w/ sandpaper or rotating wire brushes
dermatologist
physician who specializes in the study of the skin
erythema
redness of the skin
eschar
scab, slough
exudate
oozing of pus or serum
keloid
a thick or raised scar caused by excessive collagen formation
laceration
a wound in the skin w/ a jagged edge
typically caused by trauma
lesion
general term that indicates any type of abnormality on the skin
necrosis
(death)(abnormal condition)
area of tissue death
nevus
pigmented skin blemish, birthmark, or mole
nodule
solid, raised area of skin cells
onychia
(onch/o=nail)(ia= condition)
inflamed nail bed
petechiae
flat, pinpoint, purplish spots from bleeding that is underneath the skin
pruritus
severe itching
purpura
bruises that occur in older adults w/ thin, easily damaged skin
pyogenic
producing pus
seborrhea
oil discharge from the sebaceous glands
skin graft
transfer of healthy skin to cover another damaged area
trichophagia
hair eating
urticaria
skin eruption of pale reddish wheals w/ severe itching. hives
ungal
pertaining to the nail
bcc
basel cell carcinoma
bx
biopsy
c & s
culture and sensivity
decub
decubitus ulcer
derm
dermatology
hsv
herpes simplex virus
i & d
incision and drainage
id
intradermal
mm
malignant melanoma
ppd
purified protein derivative
scc
squamous cell carninoma
sg
skin graft
stsg
split thickness skin graft
subq
subcutaneous
acne
common in teens. inflammation of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles that result in pustules and papules
acne rosacea
chronic acne in adults. red rash, tiny pimples, and broken blood vessels develop, typically on cheeks and nose
alopecia
loss of hair. typically on head
alopecia areata
hair loss patches
androgenetic alopecia
hair loss from aging
basal cell carcinoma
skin cancer found in the epidermis.
commonly results from sun exposure
burns
tissue injuries that results from heat, fire, chemicals, electricity, lightning, or radiation applied to skin.
1*
only affects epidermis
result is erythema w/o blisters
2*
extends thru the epidermis and into the dermis
cause blisters
aka- partial thickness burn
3*
full thickness burn
extends thru the epidermis, dermis, and underlying tissues.
high risk for infection and fluid loss
cellulitis
acute, diffuse inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissue.
can be caused by bacterial infection from a variety of bacteria that can gain access to the skin thru openings in the skin.
appears red, painful, swollen
decubitus ucler
can form on any part of the body that bears weight
these ulcers form because of pressure that obstructs blood flow for an extended period of time
aka pressure sores
ecchymosis
brusing
caused by trauma and creates a black-and-blue appearance of the skin from blood collecting under the skin
eczema
acute or chronic inflammatory skin condition where the skin becomes red and itchy
vesicles, papules, pustules, scales, and crusting can occur
aka atopic dermatitis
gangrene
tissue necrosis that is caused by a lack of blood supply.
difficult to treat and requires debridement and IV antibiotics
can lead to amputations of limbs if the skin is unable to heal
herpes simplex
viral infection caused by the herpes virus type 1
causes blisters around the lips and nose that are painful
herpes zoster
viral infection caused by the varicella zoster virus
occurs along a nerve root
causes very painful blisters to form along the nerve on the skin
aka shingles
reactivation of the virus that causes varicella and can be prevented w/ a vaccine administered to adults
impetigo
inflammatory skin disease that presents w/ pustules and vesicles that rupture and become crusted
can result from a streptococcus or staphylococcus infection
malignant melanoma
skin cancer that is aggressive and can metastasize to other areas of the body
originates as a melanocyte
pediculosis
infection caused by lice
eggs from lice are called mits and can be found at the ase of the hair shaft
the saliva from the lice causes a rash, which is irritating and pruritic
psoriasis
chronic inflammatory condition where crusty papules form patches on the skin
patches have circular boarders
scabies
infection from a mite that burrows into the dermis of the skin and deposits eggs
nymphs hatch w/in 2 wks , mature, and go to the skin’s surface to mate and then reinvade the skin.
causes inflammation, vesicles, and intense itching
treated with a topical scabicide
squamous cell carcinoma
a skin cancer that starts in the epidermis
can grow into deeper tissue and cause ulcers
rarely metastasize to other areas
tinea corporis
ringworm
contagious fungal infection( dermatomycosis) of the skin that results in scaling, discolored, and well defined skin lesions that are itchy and appear as patches
varicella
viral infection of herpes zoster causing fever and headaches
associated w/ a skin rash of macules, papules, vesicles, and crust
chickenpox
vitiligo
skin condition where the pigment of the skin disappears
area appears white
orthopedics
specialty that focuses on the musculoskeletal system
muscular system
comprised of the muscles in the body and enables the body to move
skeletal system
comprised of bones, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage that forms the skeleton of the body
bones
primary organ of the skeletal system
forms framework of the body
serve in structure and movement, protection of internal organs, storage of minerals, and as the site of blood cell formation
axial skeleton
skull, spine, ribs, sternum
appendicular skeleton
bones of the appendages
shoulder girdle, arms, hands, pelvic girdle, legs, feet
long bones
located in arms/ legs
femur
flat bones
located in the shoulder, skull, ribs and parts of the pelvis
sternum, skull
short bones
located in fingers/toes
carpal bones of wrist
irregular bones
located in spine/ ear
vertebrae
sesamoid bones
sharped like sesame seed
patella, kneecap
accessory structures of the skeletal system
cartilage, tendons, and ligaments
cartilage
fibrous connective tissue found at the ends of bones, in joints, and the tube structures of the body such as the larynx, air passages, and ears
tendons
fibrous cords that connect muscles to bones
ligaments
fibrous tissue in bands or sheets that connect 2 or more bones, cartilage, and other structures
muscles
enable the body to move from 1 place to another, produce heat, and maintain stability and posture
joints
are where 2 or more bones connect
origin
where the muscles starts
attached to fixed bone
insertion
where the muscles attaches to the bone that moves
body
is b/w these 2 points and where the contraction occurs
fibrous joints
do not provide movement
found b/w bones in the skull
cartilaginous joints
provide slight movement
found in vertebrae
synovial joints
allows free movement in a variety of directions due to the synovial fluid found in the joint
provides lubrication
flexion
bending a limb
elbow, knee
extension
straightening a flexed limb
elbow, knee
circumduction
moving body part in a circle
shoulder, hip
abduction
away from midline
shoulder, hip
adduction
toward midline
shoulder, hip
protraction
moving body part forward
jaw
retraction
moving body part backwards
jaw
rotation
moving around a certain axis
c1 vertebrae
dorsiflexion
bending body part backwards
wrist, ankle
pronation
turning palm down
wrist
supination
turning palm up
wrist
eversion
turning sole outward
ankle
inversion
turning sole inward
ankle
arthr/o
joint
burs/o
bursa
carp/o
carpus, wrist
chondr/o
cartilage
claviculal/o
clavicle, collar bone
cuccyg/o
coccyx, tailbone
cost/o
rib
crani/o
skull
femor/o
femur
fibul/o
fubula, thin lower leg bone
humer/o
humerus, upper arm bone
ili/o
ilium, bone of the pelvis
ischi/o
ischium, bone of the pelvis
kyph/o
hump
lord/o
bent backwards
mandibul/o
mandible
maxill/o
maxilla
metacarp/o
metacarpus, hand bones
osteo/o
bone
patell/o
patella, knee cap
phalang/o
phalanges, fingers and toes
pub/o
pubus
radi/o
radius, part of forearm
sarc/o
sacrum
scapul/o
scapula
scoli/o
crooked, bent
spondyl/o
vertebra
tars/o
tarsus
ten/o
tendon
tendin/o
tendon
tibi/o
tibia, thicker lower leg bone
uln
ulna, part of forearm
vertebr/o
vertebra
agonist
muscle that is the primary mover of a given movement
amputation
(amputat=cut thru) (ion=process)
surgical or traumatic removal of a limb, part, or other appendage
antagonist
(ant=against)(agon= contest)(ist= agent)
muscle that counteracts the action of another muscle
arthralgia
(arthr=joint)(algia= pain)
joint pain
ataxia
(a=lack of)(taxia=order)
lack of muscular coordination
atonic
(a=lack of)(ton=tone)(ic=pertaining to)
lack of muscle tone
atrophy
(a=lack of)(trophy= lack of nourishment)
wasting away of muscular tissue that may be caused by lack of use or lack of nerve stimulation of the muscle
brachyalgia
(brach/i=arm)(algia=pain)
pain in the arm
bradykinesia
(brady=slow)(kinesia=movement)
slowness of motion or movement
bursa
(burs=a pouch)
pad-like sac b/w muscles, tendons, and bones that is lined with synovial fluid and contains a fluid
calcaneal
(calcan/e=heal bone)(al= pertaining to)
pertaining to the heal bone
carpal
(carp=wrist)(al=pertaining to)
pertaining to the wrist bone
cast
med equipment that is hard and used to immobilize a fx bone, dislocated joint, or sprain
chondral
(chond=cartilage)(al= pertaining to)
pertaining to cartilage
clavicular
(clavicul=clavicle)(al= pertaining to)
pertaining to the clavicle or collar bone
coccygeal
(coccyg=coccyx)(al= pertaining to )
pertaining to the coccyx or tailbone
contracture
shortening of the muscle that is then resistant to stretching
dactylogram
(dactyl/o= finger or toe)(gram= mark or record)
a fingerprint
dislocation
seperation of the bone from the joint
dystonia
(dys=difficult)(ton=tone)(ia=condition)
impaired muscle tone
fixation
(fixat=fastened)(ion=process)
process of holding or securing in a fixed position
flaccid
lacking muscle tone
hallux
the great toe
humeral
(humer=humerus)(al=pertaining to)
pertaining to the humerus
iliac
(ili=ilium)(ac=pertaining to)
pertaining to the ilium
ilisacral
pertaining to the ilium and the sacrum
intercostal
(inter=b/w)(cost=rib)(al=pertaining to)
pertaining to the space b/w 2 ribs
ischial
(isch/i=ischium)(al=pertaining to)
pertaining to the ischium
lumbar
(lumb=lower back)(ar=pertaining to)
pertaining to the lower back
mandibular
(mandibul=lower jaw bone)(ar=pertaining to)
pertaining to the lower jaw
maxillary
(maxill=upper jaw bone)(ary=pertaining to)
pertaining to the upper jaw bone
meniscus
(menisc=crescent)(us=sctructure)
crescent shaped cartilage that is located in certain joints
myalgia
(my=muscle)(algia=pain)
pain in the muscle
orthopedics
area of medicine that involves the study of the musculoskeletal system, its structures, function, and pathology
osteogenesis
(oste/o=bone)(genesis= formation)
formation of the bone
pedal
pertaining to the foot
radial
pertaining to the radius
spinal
pertaining to the spine
symphysis
a firm joint, made for cartilage
synergist
the muscle that acts alongside another muscle to produce movement
tibial
pertaining to the tibia
ulnar
pertaining to the ulna
xiphoid
(xiph=sword)(oid=resemble)
the xiphoid process is the lowest portion of the sternum, it is cartilage that is shaped like a sword
aka
above the knee
bka
below the knee
ck
creatine kinase
c1,c2
first cervicale vert…
emg
electromyography
fx
fracture
im
intramuscular
L1,l2
first lumbar vert….
nsaids
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
oa
osteoarthritis
rom
range of motion
T1,t2
first thoracic vert…
arthritis
inflammation of a joint
rheumatoid arthritis
destruction of a joint caused by the persons own immune system
osteoarthritis
inflammation of a joint that results from general use of the joint as the body ages
inflammation
a common cause of pain and tenderness in the musculoskeletal system
bursitis
inflammation of the bursa
tendinitis
inflammation of a tendon
fascitis
inflammation of the fascia
myositis
inflammation of the muscle
carpal tunnel syndrome
a syndrome of pain, soreness, tenderness, weakness, numbness, and tingling of the hand and wrist due to compression of the medial nerve where it goes underneath a ligament that connects a wrist bone
genu valgum
knocked knees
genu varum
bowleg
gout
disease where the patient develops pain in the small joints of the hands/ feet due to deposits of uric acid crystals in the joint
kyphosis
where the curve located in the thoracic portion of the spine becomes exaggerated.
humpback
lordosis
exaggeration of the normal lumbar curve and pushes the abdomen and buttocks out
scoliosis
abnormal, lateral curve to the spine
myeloma
tumor of the bone marrow
osteosarcoma
a malignant tumor of the bone
myoma
tumor of the muscle
myosarcoma
malignant tumor of the muscle tissue
osteomyelitis
inflammation of the bone and bone marrow caused by an infection from pathogenic organisms
osteoporosis
condition where bone density decreases, which causes bone fragility
fractures
of bones can occur due to trauma or disease
closed/ simple fx
does not involve a break in the skin
open/compound fx
do involve a break in the skin
comminuted fx
where the bone is shattered
transverse fx
a break in the shaft of a bone
compression fx
occurs where 2 bones are pressed together
greenstick fx
a break in half of the shaft of a bone
common in children
epiphyseal fx
break in the growth plate at the end of a long bone
common in children
muscular dystrophy
a group of genetic diseases that causes progressive weakness and degeneration
abcd of melanoma
asymmetry
border
color
diameter
arthrocentesis
a surgical procedure to remove fluid from a joint
arthroscopy
surgical procedure to examine the inside of a joint w/ a camera
arthroplasty
a surgical procedure to repair a joint
bone marrow transplant
surgical procedure where bone marrow is taken from a donor and placed into a pt
cranioctomy
surgical excision of a portion of the skull
craniotomy
surgical incision made into the skull
laminectomy
surgical excision of a portion of the vertebrae
spondylosyndesis
spinal binding and a surgical procedure where 2 vertebrae are fused together.
