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Psych 104 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Empiricism

A

Knowledge of the world can be acquired by observing it

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2
Q

Scientific Method

A

A procedure for using empirical evidence to establish facts

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3
Q

Theory

A

Explanations of natural phenomena

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4
Q

Hypothesis

A

A falsifiable prediction made by a theory

-> something you TEST not something you prove

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5
Q

Empirical Method

A

A set of rules and techniques for observation

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6
Q

Operational Definition

A

A description of a property in measurable terms

A GOOD operational definition is
- Precise
- Practical
- Quantitative
- Has good interobserver reliability

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7
Q

Construct Validity

A

A feature of operational definitions whose specified operations are generally considered good indicators of the specified properties

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8
Q

Power

A

A detectors ability to detect changes in the magnitude of a property

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9
Q

Reliability

A

A detectors ability to detect the absence of differences or changes in the magnitude of a property

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10
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

Those aspects of an observational setting that causes people to behave as they think someone else wants or expects

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11
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

A technique for gathering information by unobtrusively observing people in their natural environments

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12
Q

Observer Bias

A

The tendency for observers expectations to influence both what they believe they observed and what they actually observed

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13
Q

Double-Blind Study

A

A study in which neither the participants nor the researcher knows how the participants are expected to behave

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14
Q

Population

A

A complete collection of people

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15
Q

Sample

A

A partial collection of people drawn from a population

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16
Q

Frequency Distribution

A

A graphic representation showing the number of times that the measurement of a property takes on each of its possible values

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17
Q

Normal Distribution

A

a mathematically defined distribution in which the frequency of the measurements is highest in the middle and decreases symmetrically in BOTH directions

18
Q

Mode

A

The value that occurs most frequently in a set of data

19
Q

Median

A

The middle number of a set of data

20
Q

Mean

A

The average value of all the measurements in a set of data

21
Q

Range

A

The value of the largest measurement in a frequency distribution minus the smallest value of a measurement

22
Q

Standard Deviation

A

A statistic that describes how each of the measurements in a frequency distribution differs from the mean

23
Q

Variable

A

A property that can have more than one value

24
Q

Correlation

A

A relationship between variables in which variations in the value of one variable are synchronized with variations in the value of the other

25
Q

Correlation Coefficient (r)

A

A mathematical measure of both the direction and strength of a correlation, which is symbolized by the letter r

26
Q

Natural Correlation

A

A correlation that is observed in the natural world

27
Q

Third-Variable Problem

A

The fact that the natural correlation between two variables cannot be taken as evidence of a casual relationship between them because a third variable might be causing them both

28
Q

Experimentation

A

A technique for establishing the casual relationship between variables

29
Q

Manipulation

A

A technique for determining the casual power of a variable by actively changing its value

30
Q

Independant Variable

A

The variable that is manipulated during an experiment

31
Q

Dependant Variable

A

The variable that is measured in an experiment

32
Q

Self-Selection

A

A problem that occurs when anything about a participant determines the value of the independent variable to which the participant was exposed

33
Q

Random Assignment

A

A procedure that assigns participants to conditions by chance

34
Q

Internal Validity

A

An attribute of an experiment that allows it to establish casual relationships

35
Q

External Validity

A

An attribute of an experiment in which variables have been operationally defined in a representative way

The extent to which you can generalize the findings of a study

36
Q

Case Method

A

A procedure for gathering scientific information by studying a single individual

37
Q

Random Sampling

A

A technique for selecting participants that ensures that every member of a population has an equal chance of being included in the sample

38
Q

Replication

A

An experiment that uses the same procedures as a previous experiment but with a new sample from the same population

39
Q

Type I Error

A

An error that occurs when researchers conclude that there is a causal relationship between two variables when in reality there is not

40
Q

Type II Error

A

An error that occurs when researchers conclude that there is not a casual relationship between two variables when in reality there is

41
Q

Informed Consent

A

A verbal agreement to participate in a study made by an adult who has been informed of all the risks that participation may entail

42
Q

Debriefing

A

A verbal description of the true nature and purpose of a study

Psych 104 (5 decks)

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