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Biological Bases Of Behaviour > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Afferent

A

Nerve fibers that carry sensory information from the body to the central nervous system.

Example sentence: Afferent neurons transmit signals from the skin to the brain.

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2
Q

Allocortex

A

The part of the cerebral cortex characterized by fewer layers than the neocortex, involved in olfaction and memory.

None

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3
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

The part of the nervous system that controls involuntary functions, such as heart rate and digestion.

None

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4
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

A group of nuclei in the brain involved in movement control, motor learning, and emotions.

None

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5
Q

Brainstem

A

The lower part of the brain connecting the spinal cord with the forebrain, responsible for basic life functions like breathing and heart rate.

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6
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

The outer layer of the brain, involved in higher-order brain functions like sensory perception, cognition, and motor control.

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7
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A

Clear fluid that circulates in the brain and spinal cord, providing cushioning and nutrient delivery.

None

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8
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

A thick band of nerve fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres, allowing for communication between them.

None

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9
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

Twelve pairs of nerves that emerge directly from the brain, responsible for sensory and motor functions in the head and neck.

None

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10
Q

Cytoarchitectonic Map

A

A map of the brain based on the cellular composition of its tissues.

None

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11
Q

Dermatome

A

An area of skin supplied by sensory nerves from a single spinal nerve root.

None

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12
Q

Diencephalon

A

A part of the forebrain that includes structures such as the thalamus and hypothalamus.

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13
Q

Efferent

A

Nerve fibers that carry motor commands from the central nervous system to muscles and glands.

None

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14
Q

Enteric Nervous System (ENS)

A

A subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that directly controls the gastrointestinal system.

None

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15
Q

Forebrain

A

The anterior part of the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, and hypothalamus.

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16
Q

Gray Matter

A

Regions of the central nervous system that are rich in neuronal cell bodies.

None

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17
Q

Gyri (sing. Gyrus)

A

The ridges or folds on the surface of the cerebral cortex.

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18
Q

Hindbrain

A

The lower part of the brain that includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata.

None

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19
Q

Hypothalamus

A

A region of the brain involved in regulating autonomic functions, emotions, and endocrine activities.

None

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20
Q

Limbic System

A

A group of brain structures involved in emotion, motivation, and memory.

None

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21
Q

Meninges

A

The three membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord (dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater).

None

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22
Q

Midbrain

A

A part of the brainstem involved in vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal, and temperature regulation.

None

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23
Q

Neocortex

A

The part of the cerebral cortex involved in higher-order brain functions such as sensory perception, cognition, and motor control.

None

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24
Q

Nuclei (sing. Nucleus)

A

Clusters of neuron cell bodies in the central nervous system.

None

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25
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

The region of the cerebral cortex located at the back of the brain, responsible for visual processing.

None

26
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

The region of the cerebral cortex located at the top of the brain, involved in processing sensory information from the body.

None

27
Q

Reticular Formation

A

A network of neurons in the brainstem involved in regulating arousal, sleep, and consciousness.

None

28
Q

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

A

The part of the peripheral nervous system responsible for voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles.

None

29
Q

Sulci (sing. Sulcus)

A

The grooves or furrows on the surface of the cerebral cortex.

None

30
Q

Tectum

A

The dorsal part of the midbrain involved in visual and auditory reflexes.

None

31
Q

Tegmentum

A

The ventral part of the midbrain involved in movement and arousal.

None

32
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

The region of the cerebral cortex located on the sides of the brain, involved in auditory processing and memory.

None

33
Q

Thalamus

A

A structure in the diencephalon that acts as a relay station for sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex.

None

34
Q

Tract

A

A bundle of nerve fibers (axons) in the central nervous system.

None

35
Q

Ventricles

A

Cavities within the brain that produce and contain cerebrospinal fluid.

None

36
Q

White Matter

A

Regions of the central nervous system that are rich in myelinated nerve fibers (axons).

None

37
Q

Alzheimer Disease

A

A neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive memory loss, cognitive decline, and personality changes.

None

38
Q

Parkinson Disease

A

A neurodegenerative disorder characterized by tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability.

None

39
Q

Stroke

A

A medical condition caused by the interruption of blood supply to the brain, resulting in brain tissue damage.

None

40
Q

Tourette Syndrome

A

A neurological disorder characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements and vocalizations called tics.

None

41
Q

Behavior

A

The actions or reactions of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli.

None

42
Q

Excitation

A

The process by which a nerve or muscle cell becomes activated, usually by an increase in electrical activity.

None

43
Q

Inhibition

A

The process by which a nerve or muscle cell is prevented from becoming active, often by decreasing electrical activity.

None

44
Q

Ischemic Stroke

A

caused by the interruption of blood supply to the brain, resulting in brain tissue damage.

Example sentence: He suffered an ischemic stroke last year.

45
Q

Tourette Syndrome

A

A neurological disorder characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements and vocalizations called tics.

Additional information: Tourette Syndrome often begins in childhood.

46
Q

Behavior

A

The actions or reactions of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli.

Example sentence: The behavior of the monkeys was observed in the wild.

47
Q

Excitation

A

The process by which a nerve or muscle cell becomes activated, usually by an increase in electrical activity.

Additional information: Excitation is essential for muscle contraction.

48
Q

Inhibition

A

The process by which a nerve or muscle cell is prevented from becoming active, often by decreasing electrical activity.

Example sentence: The drug acts by inhibiting the activity of certain enzymes.

49
Q

Law of Bell and Magendie

A

The principle stating that the dorsal roots of spinal nerves carry sensory information into the spinal cord, while the ventral roots carry motor information out.

Additional information: Named after Charles Bell and François Magendie.

50
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

The ability of the brain to change and adapt in response to experience, injury, or learning.

Example sentence: Neuroplasticity plays a role in recovery after brain injury.

51
Q

Phenotypic Plasticity

A

The ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to environmental influences.

Additional information: Phenotypic plasticity is important for survival in changing environments.

52
Q

Dualism

A

The philosophical idea that the mind and body are distinct and separable entities.

Example sentence: Descartes was a proponent of dualism.

53
Q

Materialism

A

The doctrine that only material things (physical matter) are real, and everything can be explained in terms of matter and physical phenomena.

Additional information: Materialism contrasts with dualism.

54
Q

Meme

A

A unit of cultural information spread by imitation.

Example sentence: The internet is full of viral memes.

55
Q

Nerve

A

A bundle of fibers (axons) that transmits electrical signals between the brain and spinal cord and the rest of the body.

Additional information: Nerves can be sensory, motor, or mixed.

56
Q

Neuronal Circuit

A

A network of interconnected neurons that process specific kinds of information.

Example sentence: The visual neuronal circuit is responsible for processing visual information.

57
Q

Orienting Movement

A

Movements or postures by which an organism positions itself in response to sensory stimuli.

Additional information: Orienting movements help organisms navigate their environment.

58
Q

Parasympathetic Division

A

The part of the autonomic nervous system that conserves energy by slowing down the heart rate and increasing intestinal and gland activity.

Example sentence: The parasympathetic division is active during rest and digestion.

59
Q

Sympathetic Division

A

The part of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for ‘fight or flight’ responses by increasing heart rate and blood flow to muscles.

Additional information: The sympathetic division is responsible for the body’s stress response.

60
Q

Vertebrae (sing. Vertebra)

A

The series of small bones that form the backbone and protect the spinal cord.

Example sentence: The vertebrae provide structural support for the body.

61
Q

Vomeronasal Organ (VNO)

A

A sensory organ involved in the detection of pheromones and chemical signals, primarily in animals.

Additional information: The VNO plays a role in social and reproductive behaviors in many species.

Biological Bases Of Behaviour (14 decks)

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