Chapter 16 Flashcards
akathisia
A movement disorder characterized by a feeling of inner restlessness and inability to sit still
Example sentence: The patient exhibited akathisia as a side effect of the medication.
anxiety disorder
A mental health condition characterized by excessive and persistent worry or fear
Example sentence: She was diagnosed with an anxiety disorder and prescribed medication.
autoimmune disease
A condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own cells
Example sentence: Rheumatoid arthritis is an example of an autoimmune disease.
behavioral modification
A type of therapy that aims to change specific behaviors through reinforcement and punishment
Example sentence: The child’s behavior improved significantly after behavioral modification therapy.
bipolar disorder
A mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings between mania and depression
Example sentence: He was diagnosed with bipolar disorder and started treatment with mood stabilizers.
chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)
A progressive brain condition caused by repeated head injuries
Example sentence: The former football player developed chronic traumatic encephalopathy from concussions.
clinical neuroscience
The branch of neuroscience that focuses on the study of the nervous system in health and disease
Example sentence: She pursued a career in clinical neuroscience to research brain disorders.
cognitive therapy
A type of psychotherapy that focuses on changing negative thought patterns and behaviors
Example sentence: Cognitive therapy helped her manage her anxiety and depression.
cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
A type of psychotherapy that combines cognitive and behavioral techniques to treat mental health conditions
Example sentence: CBT is often used to treat phobias and anxiety disorders.
deep brain stimulation (DBS)
A surgical procedure that involves implanting electrodes in the brain to treat neurological conditions
Example sentence: Deep brain stimulation is used to alleviate symptoms of Parkinson’s disease.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
A handbook used by mental health professionals to classify and diagnose mental health disorders
Example sentence: The psychiatrist referred to the DSM to confirm the patient’s diagnosis.
diaschisis
A temporary disruption of brain function in areas distant from the site of injury
Example sentence: Diaschisis can occur after a stroke and affect motor function.
festination
A gait abnormality characterized by small, rapid steps
Example sentence: The patient with Parkinson’s disease exhibited festination while walking.
focal seizure
A seizure that originates in a specific area of the brain
Example sentence: The EEG showed abnormal activity during the focal seizure.
generalized seizure
A seizure that involves the entire brain and causes loss of consciousness
Example sentence: She experienced a generalized seizure with tonic-clonic movements.
hemorrhagic stroke
A type of stroke caused by bleeding in the brain
Example sentence: The patient was rushed to the hospital after a hemorrhagic stroke.
HPA axis
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, a complex neuroendocrine system involved in the stress response
Example sentence: Chronic stress can dysregulate the HPA axis.
ischemic stroke
A type of stroke caused by a blockage in a blood vessel supplying the brain
Example sentence: The MRI confirmed the presence of an ischemic stroke.
Lewy body
An abnormal protein deposit in the brain associated with Parkinson’s disease and Lewy body dementia
Example sentence: Lewy bodies were found in the brain tissue of the deceased patient.
major depression
A severe form of depression characterized by persistent low mood and loss of interest in activities
Example sentence: He was diagnosed with major depression and started antidepressant medication.
mania
A mood state characterized by elevated mood, increased energy, and impulsive behavior
Example sentence: The patient’s mania required hospitalization for stabilization.
neurocognitive disorder
A condition characterized by cognitive decline due to neurodegenerative or other brain-related causes
Example sentence: Neurocognitive disorder can affect memory, language, and executive function.
neuroprotectant
A substance or treatment that aims to protect the brain from injury or damage
Example sentence: Researchers are investigating neuroprotectants for stroke and traumatic brain injury.
phenylketonuria (PKU)
A genetic disorder that affects the body’s ability to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine
Example sentence: Infants are screened for phenylketonuria shortly after birth.
posttraumatic apathy
A lack of interest, motivation, or emotion following a traumatic event
Example sentence: Posttraumatic apathy is a common symptom after brain injury.
posttraumatic growth
Positive psychological changes that can occur after experiencing trauma or adversity
Example sentence: She experienced posttraumatic growth and gained a new perspective on life.
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
A mental health condition triggered by a traumatic event, characterized by flashbacks, anxiety, and avoidance
Example sentence: Veterans may develop PTSD after combat exposure.
prion
An infectious misfolded protein that can cause neurodegenerative diseases such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Example sentence: Prions are responsible for the transmission of mad cow disease.
psychotherapy
A range of treatments that aim to improve mental health through talking and other therapeutic techniques
Example sentence: She sought psychotherapy to address her anxiety and depression.
real-time fMRI (rt-fMRI)
A neuroimaging technique that provides live feedback of brain activity during an MRI scan
Example sentence: Real-time fMRI is used in neurofeedback training for brain disorders.
tardive dyskinesia
A movement disorder characterized by involuntary repetitive movements, often caused by long-term antipsychotic medication use
Example sentence: Tardive dyskinesia can be a side effect of certain psychiatric medications.
virtual reality (VR) exposure therapy
A treatment approach that uses virtual reality technology to simulate anxiety-inducing situations for therapeutic purposes
Example sentence: VR exposure therapy is effective for treating phobias and PTSD.
