Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

amnesia

A

loss of memory

Example: The patient suffered from amnesia after the accident.

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2
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

inability to form new memories

Example: Patients with anterograde amnesia cannot remember events that occurred after their injury.

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3
Q

associative learning

A

learning that certain events occur together

Example: Pavlovian conditioning is a classic example of associative learning.

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4
Q

behavioral sensitization

A

increase in behavioral response after repeated exposure

Example: Behavioral sensitization can lead to increased drug cravings.

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5
Q

conditioned response (CR)

A

learned response to a conditioned stimulus

Example: Salivating at the sound of a bell in Pavlov’s experiment is a conditioned response.

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6
Q

conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

previously neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response

Example: The bell in Pavlov’s experiment became a conditioned stimulus after being paired with food.

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7
Q

consolidation

A

process of stabilizing and storing memories

Example: Sleep plays a crucial role in memory consolidation.

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8
Q

declarative memory

A

memory for facts and events

Example: Remembering historical dates is an example of declarative memory.

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9
Q

dyslexia

A

difficulty with reading and language processing

Example: Children with dyslexia may struggle to read fluently.

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10
Q

emotional memory

A

memory linked to emotional events

Example: Traumatic experiences can lead to strong emotional memories.

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11
Q

entorhinal cortex

A

brain region involved in memory and navigation

Example: The entorhinal cortex is crucial for spatial memory.

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12
Q

epidermal growth factor (EGF)

A

protein involved in cell growth and development

Example: EGF plays a role in wound healing.

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13
Q

episodic memory

A

memory for personal experiences and events

Example: Remembering your first day of school is an example of episodic memory.

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14
Q

explicit memory

A

conscious, intentional memory

Example: Recalling a phone number is an example of explicit memory.

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15
Q

eyeblink conditioning

A

classical conditioning involving eyeblink responses

Example: Eyeblink conditioning is used to study associative learning.

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16
Q

fear conditioning

A

associative learning involving fear responses

Example: Fear conditioning is often used in studies of anxiety disorders.

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17
Q

habituation

A

decrease in response to repeated stimuli

Example: Habituation helps organisms ignore irrelevant stimuli.

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18
Q

implicit memory

A

unconscious memory that influences behavior

Example: Riding a bike without conscious awareness of how to balance is an example of implicit memory.

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19
Q

Korsakoff syndrome

A

memory disorder caused by thiamine deficiency

Example: Korsakoff syndrome is often seen in chronic alcoholics.

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20
Q

learning

A

acquiring knowledge or skills through experience

Example: Learning a new language requires practice and exposure.

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21
Q

learning set

A

ability to learn new tasks quickly based on prior experience

Example: Animals with a strong learning set can adapt to new environments more easily.

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22
Q

long-term depression (LTD)

A

weakening of synaptic connections with repeated low-frequency stimulation

Example: LTD is important for pruning unnecessary connections in the brain.

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23
Q

long-term potentiation (LTP)

A

strengthening of synaptic connections with repeated high-frequency stimulation

Example: LTP is a key mechanism for learning and memory.

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24
Q

memory

A

ability to store, retain, and recall information

Example: Memory allows us to remember past experiences and learn from them.

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25
Q

metaplasticity

A

ability of synapses to change their plasticity

Example: Metaplasticity allows synapses to adjust their responsiveness based on prior activity.

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26
Q

nerve growth factor (NGF)

A

protein that promotes growth and survival of nerve cells

Example: NGF is crucial for the development and maintenance of the nervous system.

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27
Q

neuritic plaque

A

abnormal cluster of protein fragments in the brain

Example: Neuritic plaques are a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease.

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28
Q

operant conditioning

A

learning through reinforcement or punishment of behaviors

Example: Operant conditioning is used in behavior modification therapies.

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29
Q

parahippocampal cortex

A

brain region involved in memory and spatial navigation

Example: The parahippocampal cortex plays a role in spatial memory.

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30
Q

Pavlovian conditioning

A

classical conditioning involving automatic responses

Example: Pavlovian conditioning is used to study associative learning.

31
Q

perirhinal cortex

A

brain region involved in object recognition memory

Example: The perirhinal cortex is important for identifying familiar objects.

32
Q

priming

A

facilitation of processing due to prior exposure

Example: Priming can influence how we perceive and respond to stimuli.

33
Q

procedural memory

A

memory for skills and procedures

Example: Riding a bike is an example of procedural memory.

34
Q

reconsolidation

A

process of strengthening existing memories upon retrieval

Example: Reconsolidation can make memories more resistant to forgetting.

35
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

loss of memory for events before an injury or trauma

Example: Retrograde amnesia can erase memories of past experiences.

36
Q

sensitization

A

increase in response to a stimulus over time

Example: Sensitization can lead to heightened reactions to certain triggers.

37
Q

unconditioned response (UCR)

A

automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus

Example: Salivating at the sight of food is an unconditioned response.

38
Q

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

A

stimulus that triggers an automatic response

Example: Food is an unconditioned stimulus that naturally elicits salivation.

39
Q

visuospatial memory

A

memory for spatial relationships and visual information

Example: Navigating a maze relies on visuospatial memory.

40
Q

amnesia

A

loss of memory

Example: The patient suffered from amnesia after the accident.

41
Q

conditioned response (CR)

A

learned response to a conditioned stimulus

Example: Salivating at the sound of a bell in Pavlov’s experiment is a conditioned response.

42
Q

consolidation

A

process of stabilizing and storing memories

Example: Sleep plays a crucial role in memory consolidation.

43
Q

declarative memory

A

memory for facts and events

Example: Remembering historical dates is an example of declarative memory.

44
Q

dyslexia

A

difficulty with reading and language processing

Example: Children with dyslexia may struggle to read fluently.

45
Q

emotional memory

A

memory linked to emotional events

Example: Traumatic experiences can lead to strong emotional memories.

46
Q

entorhinal cortex

A

brain region involved in memory and navigation

Example: The entorhinal cortex is crucial for spatial memory.

47
Q

epidermal growth factor (EGF)

A

protein involved in cell growth and development

Example: EGF plays a role in wound healing.

48
Q

episodic memory

A

memory for personal experiences and events

Example: Remembering your first day of school is an example of episodic memory.

49
Q

explicit memory

A

conscious, intentional memory

Example: Recalling a phone number is an example of explicit memory.

50
Q

eyeblink conditioning

A

classical conditioning involving eyeblink responses

Example: Eyeblink conditioning is used to study associative learning.

51
Q

fear conditioning

A

associative learning involving fear responses

Example: Fear conditioning is often used in studies of anxiety disorders.

52
Q

habituation

A

decrease in response to repeated stimuli

Example: Habituation helps organisms ignore irrelevant stimuli.

53
Q

implicit memory

A

unconscious memory that influences behavior

Example: Riding a bike without conscious awareness of how to balance is an example of implicit memory.

54
Q

Korsakoff syndrome

A

memory disorder caused by thiamine deficiency

Example: Korsakoff syndrome is often seen in chronic alcoholics.

55
Q

learning

A

acquiring knowledge or skills through experience

Example: Learning a new language requires practice and exposure.

56
Q

learning set

A

ability to learn new tasks quickly based on prior experience

Example: Animals with a strong learning set can adapt to new environments more easily.

57
Q

long-term depression (LTD)

A

weakening of synaptic connections with repeated low-frequency stimulation

Example: LTD is important for pruning unnecessary connections in the brain.

58
Q

long-term potentiation (LTP)

A

strengthening of synaptic connections with repeated high-frequency stimulation

Example: LTP is a key mechanism for learning and memory.

59
Q

memory

A

ability to store, retain, and recall information

Example: Memory allows us to remember past experiences and learn from them.

60
Q

metaplasticity

A

ability of synapses to change their plasticity

Example: Metaplasticity allows synapses to adjust their responsiveness based on prior activity.

61
Q

nerve growth factor (NGF)

A

protein that promotes growth and survival of nerve cells

Example: NGF is crucial for the development and maintenance of the nervous system.

62
Q

neuritic plaque

A

abnormal cluster of protein fragments in the brain

Example: Neuritic plaques are a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease.

63
Q

operant conditioning

A

learning through reinforcement or punishment of behaviors

Example: Operant conditioning is used in behavior modification therapies.

64
Q

parahippocampal cortex

A

brain region involved in memory and spatial navigation

Example: The parahippocampal cortex plays a role in spatial memory.

65
Q

Pavlovian conditioning

A

classical conditioning involving automatic responses

Example: Pavlovian conditioning is used to study associative learning.

66
Q

perirhinal cortex

A

brain region involved in object recognition memory

Example: The perirhinal cortex is important for identifying familiar objects.

67
Q

priming

A

facilitation of processing due to prior exposure

Example: Priming can influence how we perceive and respond to stimuli.

68
Q

procedural memory

A

memory for skills and procedures

Example: Riding a bike is an example of procedural memory.

69
Q

reconsolidation

A

process of strengthening existing memories upon retrieval

Example: Reconsolidation can make memories more resistant to forgetting.

70
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

loss of memory for events before an injury or trauma

Example: Retrograde amnesia can erase memories of past experiences.

71
Q

sensitization

A

increase in response to a stimulus over time

Example: Sensitization can lead to heightened reactions to certain triggers.

72
Q

unconditioned response (UCR)

A

automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus

Example: Salivating at the sight of food is an unconditioned response.

73
Q

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

A

stimulus that triggers an automatic response

Example: Food is an unconditioned stimulus that naturally elicits salivation.

74
Q

visuospatial memory

A

memory for spatial relationships and visual information

Example: Navigating a maze relies on visuospatial memory.