Chapter 14 Flashcards
amnesia
loss of memory
Example: The patient suffered from amnesia after the accident.
anterograde amnesia
inability to form new memories
Example: Patients with anterograde amnesia cannot remember events that occurred after their injury.
associative learning
learning that certain events occur together
Example: Pavlovian conditioning is a classic example of associative learning.
behavioral sensitization
increase in behavioral response after repeated exposure
Example: Behavioral sensitization can lead to increased drug cravings.
conditioned response (CR)
learned response to a conditioned stimulus
Example: Salivating at the sound of a bell in Pavlov’s experiment is a conditioned response.
conditioned stimulus (CS)
previously neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response
Example: The bell in Pavlov’s experiment became a conditioned stimulus after being paired with food.
consolidation
process of stabilizing and storing memories
Example: Sleep plays a crucial role in memory consolidation.
declarative memory
memory for facts and events
Example: Remembering historical dates is an example of declarative memory.
dyslexia
difficulty with reading and language processing
Example: Children with dyslexia may struggle to read fluently.
emotional memory
memory linked to emotional events
Example: Traumatic experiences can lead to strong emotional memories.
entorhinal cortex
brain region involved in memory and navigation
Example: The entorhinal cortex is crucial for spatial memory.
epidermal growth factor (EGF)
protein involved in cell growth and development
Example: EGF plays a role in wound healing.
episodic memory
memory for personal experiences and events
Example: Remembering your first day of school is an example of episodic memory.
explicit memory
conscious, intentional memory
Example: Recalling a phone number is an example of explicit memory.
eyeblink conditioning
classical conditioning involving eyeblink responses
Example: Eyeblink conditioning is used to study associative learning.
fear conditioning
associative learning involving fear responses
Example: Fear conditioning is often used in studies of anxiety disorders.
habituation
decrease in response to repeated stimuli
Example: Habituation helps organisms ignore irrelevant stimuli.
implicit memory
unconscious memory that influences behavior
Example: Riding a bike without conscious awareness of how to balance is an example of implicit memory.
Korsakoff syndrome
memory disorder caused by thiamine deficiency
Example: Korsakoff syndrome is often seen in chronic alcoholics.
learning
acquiring knowledge or skills through experience
Example: Learning a new language requires practice and exposure.
learning set
ability to learn new tasks quickly based on prior experience
Example: Animals with a strong learning set can adapt to new environments more easily.
long-term depression (LTD)
weakening of synaptic connections with repeated low-frequency stimulation
Example: LTD is important for pruning unnecessary connections in the brain.
long-term potentiation (LTP)
strengthening of synaptic connections with repeated high-frequency stimulation
Example: LTP is a key mechanism for learning and memory.
memory
ability to store, retain, and recall information
Example: Memory allows us to remember past experiences and learn from them.
metaplasticity
ability of synapses to change their plasticity
Example: Metaplasticity allows synapses to adjust their responsiveness based on prior activity.
nerve growth factor (NGF)
protein that promotes growth and survival of nerve cells
Example: NGF is crucial for the development and maintenance of the nervous system.
neuritic plaque
abnormal cluster of protein fragments in the brain
Example: Neuritic plaques are a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease.
operant conditioning
learning through reinforcement or punishment of behaviors
Example: Operant conditioning is used in behavior modification therapies.
parahippocampal cortex
brain region involved in memory and spatial navigation
Example: The parahippocampal cortex plays a role in spatial memory.
Pavlovian conditioning
classical conditioning involving automatic responses
Example: Pavlovian conditioning is used to study associative learning.
perirhinal cortex
brain region involved in object recognition memory
Example: The perirhinal cortex is important for identifying familiar objects.
priming
facilitation of processing due to prior exposure
Example: Priming can influence how we perceive and respond to stimuli.
procedural memory
memory for skills and procedures
Example: Riding a bike is an example of procedural memory.
reconsolidation
process of strengthening existing memories upon retrieval
Example: Reconsolidation can make memories more resistant to forgetting.
retrograde amnesia
loss of memory for events before an injury or trauma
Example: Retrograde amnesia can erase memories of past experiences.
sensitization
increase in response to a stimulus over time
Example: Sensitization can lead to heightened reactions to certain triggers.
unconditioned response (UCR)
automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus
Example: Salivating at the sight of food is an unconditioned response.
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
stimulus that triggers an automatic response
Example: Food is an unconditioned stimulus that naturally elicits salivation.
visuospatial memory
memory for spatial relationships and visual information
Example: Navigating a maze relies on visuospatial memory.
amnesia
loss of memory
Example: The patient suffered from amnesia after the accident.
conditioned response (CR)
learned response to a conditioned stimulus
Example: Salivating at the sound of a bell in Pavlov’s experiment is a conditioned response.
consolidation
process of stabilizing and storing memories
Example: Sleep plays a crucial role in memory consolidation.
declarative memory
memory for facts and events
Example: Remembering historical dates is an example of declarative memory.
dyslexia
difficulty with reading and language processing
Example: Children with dyslexia may struggle to read fluently.
emotional memory
memory linked to emotional events
Example: Traumatic experiences can lead to strong emotional memories.
entorhinal cortex
brain region involved in memory and navigation
Example: The entorhinal cortex is crucial for spatial memory.
epidermal growth factor (EGF)
protein involved in cell growth and development
Example: EGF plays a role in wound healing.
episodic memory
memory for personal experiences and events
Example: Remembering your first day of school is an example of episodic memory.
explicit memory
conscious, intentional memory
Example: Recalling a phone number is an example of explicit memory.
eyeblink conditioning
classical conditioning involving eyeblink responses
Example: Eyeblink conditioning is used to study associative learning.
fear conditioning
associative learning involving fear responses
Example: Fear conditioning is often used in studies of anxiety disorders.
habituation
decrease in response to repeated stimuli
Example: Habituation helps organisms ignore irrelevant stimuli.
implicit memory
unconscious memory that influences behavior
Example: Riding a bike without conscious awareness of how to balance is an example of implicit memory.
Korsakoff syndrome
memory disorder caused by thiamine deficiency
Example: Korsakoff syndrome is often seen in chronic alcoholics.
learning
acquiring knowledge or skills through experience
Example: Learning a new language requires practice and exposure.
learning set
ability to learn new tasks quickly based on prior experience
Example: Animals with a strong learning set can adapt to new environments more easily.
long-term depression (LTD)
weakening of synaptic connections with repeated low-frequency stimulation
Example: LTD is important for pruning unnecessary connections in the brain.
long-term potentiation (LTP)
strengthening of synaptic connections with repeated high-frequency stimulation
Example: LTP is a key mechanism for learning and memory.
memory
ability to store, retain, and recall information
Example: Memory allows us to remember past experiences and learn from them.
metaplasticity
ability of synapses to change their plasticity
Example: Metaplasticity allows synapses to adjust their responsiveness based on prior activity.
nerve growth factor (NGF)
protein that promotes growth and survival of nerve cells
Example: NGF is crucial for the development and maintenance of the nervous system.
neuritic plaque
abnormal cluster of protein fragments in the brain
Example: Neuritic plaques are a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease.
operant conditioning
learning through reinforcement or punishment of behaviors
Example: Operant conditioning is used in behavior modification therapies.
parahippocampal cortex
brain region involved in memory and spatial navigation
Example: The parahippocampal cortex plays a role in spatial memory.
Pavlovian conditioning
classical conditioning involving automatic responses
Example: Pavlovian conditioning is used to study associative learning.
perirhinal cortex
brain region involved in object recognition memory
Example: The perirhinal cortex is important for identifying familiar objects.
priming
facilitation of processing due to prior exposure
Example: Priming can influence how we perceive and respond to stimuli.
procedural memory
memory for skills and procedures
Example: Riding a bike is an example of procedural memory.
reconsolidation
process of strengthening existing memories upon retrieval
Example: Reconsolidation can make memories more resistant to forgetting.
retrograde amnesia
loss of memory for events before an injury or trauma
Example: Retrograde amnesia can erase memories of past experiences.
sensitization
increase in response to a stimulus over time
Example: Sensitization can lead to heightened reactions to certain triggers.
unconditioned response (UCR)
automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus
Example: Salivating at the sight of food is an unconditioned response.
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
stimulus that triggers an automatic response
Example: Food is an unconditioned stimulus that naturally elicits salivation.
visuospatial memory
memory for spatial relationships and visual information
Example: Navigating a maze relies on visuospatial memory.
