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Biological Bases Of Behaviour > Chapter 12 Notes > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Primary Gustatory Cortex

A

Processes taste information and is responsible for the perception of taste.

Example sentence: The primary gustatory cortex helps distinguish between sweet and salty flavors.

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2
Q

Nucleus of Solitary Tract

A

Integrates sensory information related to taste, visceral sensations, and cardiovascular function.

Example sentence: The nucleus of solitary tract plays a role in processing signals related to both taste and internal body sensations.

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3
Q

Pre-optic Nucleus

A

Regulates body temperature and reproductive behaviors.

Example sentence: The pre-optic nucleus helps maintain the body’s temperature stability and influences mating behaviors.

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4
Q

Paraventricular Nucleus

A

Controls the release of hormones from the pituitary gland and plays a role in stress responses.

Example sentence: The paraventricular nucleus is involved in the body’s hormonal regulation and response to stress.

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5
Q

Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus

A

Involved in regulating feeding behavior, circadian rhythms, and body weight.

Example sentence: The dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus plays a key role in controlling appetite and the body’s internal clock.

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6
Q

Posterior Nucleus

A

Contributes to thermoregulation and maintaining wakefulness.

Example sentence: The posterior nucleus helps the body regulate its temperature and promotes alertness.

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7
Q

Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus

A

Plays a key role in satiety and the inhibition of hunger.

Example sentence: The ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus signals feelings of fullness and suppresses the urge to eat.

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8
Q

Lateral Hypothalamic Region

A

Stimulates hunger and regulates feeding behavior.

Example sentence: The lateral hypothalamic region triggers feelings of hunger and controls the eating response.

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9
Q

Medial Forebrain Bundle

A

A neural pathway associated with reward and pleasure.

Example sentence: The medial forebrain bundle is involved in the brain’s reward system and feelings of pleasure.

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10
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

Releases hormones like oxytocin and vasopressin into the bloodstream.

Example sentence: The posterior pituitary gland secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream, including oxytocin.

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11
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A

Secretes hormones that regulate various physiological processes, including growth and reproduction.

Example sentence: The anterior pituitary gland releases hormones that control growth and reproductive functions.

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12
Q

Releasing Hormones

A

Hormones that stimulate the anterior pituitary to release specific hormones.

Example sentence: Releasing hormones act as messengers to trigger the release of specific hormones from the anterior pituitary gland.

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13
Q

Tropic Hormones

A

Hormones that regulate the function of other endocrine glands.

Example sentence: Tropic hormones control the activity of other hormone-secreting glands in the body.

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14
Q

Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone

A

Stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol, a stress-related hormone.

Example sentence: Adrenocorticotrophic hormone triggers the release of cortisol from the adrenal glands in response to stress.

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15
Q

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone

A

Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism.

Example sentence: Thyroid-stimulating hormone prompts the thyroid gland to produce hormones that control the body’s metabolism.

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16
Q

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

A

Regulates reproductive processes including the growth of ovarian follicles and spermatogenesis.

Example sentence: Follicle-stimulating hormone is essential for the development of egg-containing follicles in the ovaries and sperm production.

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17
Q

Luteinizing Hormone

A

Triggers ovulation and stimulates the production of sex hormones.

Example sentence: Luteinizing hormone induces the release of an egg during ovulation and influences the production of sex hormones.

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18
Q

Feedback Loop

A

A regulatory mechanism where the output of a process influences its own activity.

Example sentence: A feedback loop ensures that the body’s temperature remains stable by adjusting responses based on the current temperature.

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19
Q

Neural Regulation

A

The control of physiological processes by the nervous system.

Example sentence: Neural regulation coordinates the body’s responses to internal and external stimuli through the nervous system.

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20
Q

Experiential Response

A

The emotional and behavioral reaction to stimuli based on past experiences.

Example sentence: Experiential responses to certain smells can trigger memories and emotions associated with past experiences.

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21
Q

Hypovolemic Thirst

A

Thirst triggered by a decrease in blood volume, often due to fluid loss.

Example sentence: Hypovolemic thirst is experienced when the body’s blood volume decreases, such as after intense exercise.

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22
Q

Lordosis

A

A mating posture observed in some female mammals, indicating sexual receptivity.

Example sentence: Lordosis behavior in female animals signals readiness for mating and reproductive activity.

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23
Q

Progesterone

A

A hormone involved in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and embryogenesis.

Example sentence: Progesterone levels rise during pregnancy to support the growth and development of the fetus.

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24
Q

Estradiol

A

A form of estrogen that plays a crucial role in female reproductive health.

Example sentence: Estradiol is essential for the development of female reproductive organs and the menstrual cycle.

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25
Q

Endocrine Disrupting Compounds

A

Chemicals that interfere with the endocrine system, potentially leading to adverse health effects.

Example sentence: Exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds can disrupt hormonal balance and impact various bodily functions.

26
Q

James-Lange Theory

A

Suggests that emotions result from physiological reactions to events.

Example sentence: The James-Lange theory proposes that feeling scared occurs after the body responds with physical changes like increased heart rate.

27
Q

Appraisal Theory

A

Proposes that emotions are determined by the individual’s interpretation of a situation.

Example sentence: According to appraisal theory, how a person evaluates a situation influences the emotions they experience.

28
Q

Amygdala

A

A brain region involved in processing emotions, particularly fear and aggression.

Example sentence: The amygdala plays a key role in recognizing and responding to threats, triggering fear and defensive reactions.

29
Q

Hippocampus

A

Essential for the formation and retrieval of memories.

Example sentence: Damage to the hippocampus can impair memory formation and the ability to recall past events.

30
Q

Parahippocampal Cortex

A

Plays a role in memory encoding and spatial navigation.

Example sentence: The parahippocampal cortex helps create memories of places and navigate spatial environments.

31
Q

Mammillary Body

A

Involved in memory processing and connected to the hippocampus.

Example sentence: The mammillary bodies are linked to the hippocampus and play a role in memory consolidation.

32
Q

Mammillothalamic Tract

A

A neural pathway linking the mammillary bodies to the thalamus, important for memory.

Example sentence: The mammillothalamic tract facilitates communication between the mammillary bodies and the thalamus, supporting memory functions.

33
Q

Anterior Nucleus of Dorsal Thalamus

A

Involved in memory and emotional regulation.

Example sentence: The anterior nucleus of the dorsal thalamus contributes to memory processing and emotional control.

34
Q

Fornix

A

A major output tract of the hippocampus, crucial for memory consolidation.

Example sentence: The fornix carries signals from the hippocampus to other brain regions, aiding in memory storage and retrieval.

35
Q

Cingulate Gyrus

A

Involved in emotional regulation and decision-making processes.

Example sentence: The cingulate gyrus helps regulate emotions and plays a role in making complex decisions.

36
Q

Mammillary Nucleus

A

Contributes to memory processing and spatial memory.

Example sentence: The mammillary nucleus is involved in memory functions and spatial memory tasks.

37
Q

Hypothalamus

A

A central brain structure that regulates homeostasis and drives behaviors like hunger and thirst.

Example sentence: The hypothalamus controls essential bodily functions, including hunger, thirst, and body temperature.

38
Q

Anterior Thalamus

A

Participates in memory and emotional processing, linking the thalamus with the limbic system.

Example sentence: The anterior thalamus is involved in memory formation and emotional responses, connecting the thalamus with emotional brain regions.

39
Q

Cingulate Cortex

A

Associated with emotional processing, learning, and memory.

Example sentence: The cingulate cortex plays a role in emotional responses, learning new information, and memory formation.

40
Q

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

A

A condition resulting from damage to the amygdala, characterized by behavioral changes such as hyperorality and hypersexuality.

Example sentence: Kluver-Bucy syndrome can lead to unusual behaviors like excessive eating and sexual behaviors due to amygdala damage.

41
Q

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

A

Involved in error detection, emotional regulation, and cognitive control.

Example sentence: The anterior cingulate cortex helps monitor errors, regulate emotions, and control cognitive processes.

42
Q

Orbital Frontal Cortex

A

Plays a key role in decision-making and evaluating rewards and punishments.

Example sentence: The orbital frontal cortex is crucial for evaluating potential rewards and consequences during decision-making.

43
Q

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

A

Involved in executive functions such as working memory, cognitive flexibility, and planning.

Example sentence: The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex supports cognitive functions like planning, problem-solving, and working memory.

44
Q

Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex

A

Important for emotion regulation, decision-making, and social behavior.

Example sentence: The ventromedial prefrontal cortex plays a key role in controlling emotions, making decisions, and social interactions.

45
Q

Dorsal Medial Prefrontal Cortex

A

Involved in self-referential thinking, social cognition, and moral reasoning.

Example sentence: The dorsal medial prefrontal cortex is essential for processing self-related information, understanding social cues, and moral decision-making.

46
Q

Dorsal Medial Thalamus

A

Connects with the prefrontal cortex and is involved in memory and executive functions.

Example sentence: The dorsal medial thalamus communicates with the prefrontal cortex to support memory and executive functions.

47
Q

Ventral Tegmental Area

A

A key component of the brain’s reward system, involved in the release of dopamine.

Example sentence: The ventral tegmental area is crucial for dopamine release, contributing to the brain’s reward and pleasure responses.

48
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

A class of drugs that act as central nervous system depressants, often used to treat anxiety and insomnia.

Example sentence: Benzodiazepines are commonly prescribed to reduce anxiety and improve sleep by depressing the central nervous system.

49
Q

Lateral Hypothalamus

A

Stimulates hunger and regulates feeding behavior, also involved in arousal and motivation.

Example sentence: The lateral hypothalamus triggers hunger signals and influences eating behaviors, as well as arousal and motivation.

50
Q

Medial Forebrain Bundle

A

A neural pathway associated with reward, motivation, and addiction.

Example sentence: The medial forebrain bundle is linked to reward processing, motivation, and addictive behaviors in the brain.

51
Q

Ventral Tegmentum

A

Produces dopamine and plays a role in reward, motivation, and addiction.

Example sentence: The ventral tegmentum is responsible for dopamine production and is involved in reward-seeking behaviors and addiction.

52
Q

Nucleus Accumbens

A

A key region in the brain’s reward circuitry, involved in pleasure and reinforcement learning.

Example sentence: The nucleus accumbens is a central part of the brain’s reward system, contributing to feelings of pleasure and learning from rewards.

53
Q

Ventral Pallidum

A

Involved in the regulation of reward and motivation, connected to the nucleus accumbens.

Example sentence: The ventral pallidum plays a role in reward processing and motivation, forming connections with the nucleus accumbens.

54
Q

Striatum

A

A brain region involved in reward processing and motor functions.

Example sentence: The striatum is crucial for processing rewards and coordinating movement in the brain.

55
Q

What is the function of alamus?

A

Stimulates hunger and regulates feeding behavior, also involved in arousal and motivation.

Example sentence: The alamus plays a key role in regulating appetite and motivation.

56
Q

What is the Medial Forebrain Bundle associated with?

A

Reward, motivation, and addiction.

The Medial Forebrain Bundle is a neural pathway linked to the brain’s reward system.

57
Q

What does the Ventral Tegmentum produce?

A

Dopamine and plays a role in reward, motivation, and addiction.

The Ventral Tegmentum is a region in the midbrain that produces dopamine.

58
Q

What is the Nucleus Accumbens involved in?

A

Pleasure and reinforcement learning.

The Nucleus Accumbens is a key region in the brain’s reward circuit.

59
Q

What is the function of Ventral Pallidum?

A

Regulation of reward and motivation, connected to the nucleus accumbens.

The Ventral Pallidum is involved in processing motivation and reward signals.

60
Q

What is the Striatum involved in?

A

Motor control, reward, and habit formation.

The Striatum is a subcortical structure linked to motor functions and reward processing.

Biological Bases Of Behaviour (14 decks)

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