Chapter 2 Flashcards
What have technological advances done?
- Technological advances over the last century have
reduced the need for human movement throughout the
day. - Lower levels of movement are needed to complete
activities of daily living. - Less individuals participate in active transport
(walking, cycling, etc.). - Less than 20% of jobs required moderate-intensity
activity.
What has decreased human movement from technological advancements resulted in regards to health?
- These societal changes have led to increased obesity,
CVD, diabetes, certain cancers, and many other
comorbidities.
What is physical inactivity?
Individuals or groups of individuals not meeting a certain
threshold of moderate-to-vigorous activity
Standard adult aerobic recommendations?
- Moderate intensity: ≥30 minutes per day on ≥5 days per week
for a total of ≥150 minutes per week - Vigorous intensity: ≥20 minutes per day on ≥3 days per week for
a total of ≥75 minutes per week
____ training, ____ training, and ____ exercises are also recommended in addition to aerobic training?
Resistance training, neuromotor, and flexibility exercises are also recommended in addition to aerobic training
Standard child/adolescent aerobic recommendations?
- 60 minutes or more of moderate- to vigorous-intensity activity
- For children aged 3–5 years, 3 hours per day of activity of light,
moderate, and vigorous intensities
What is sedentary behaviors?
- Sedentary behaviors is defined as waking behaviors that take
place while in a sitting or reclined position, with an energy
expenditure of ≤1.5 METs.
What is light-intensity activity?
- Light-intensity activity would be seated and nonseated
activities with an energy expenditure between 1.5 and less
than 3.0 METs.
The terms ____ and ____ ____ should not be used interchangeably when talking about populations who do
not meet minimum PA recommendations.
* Proper designation is ____ ____.
The terms sedentary and physical inactivity should not be used interchangeably when talking about populations who do not meet minimum PA recommendations.
* Proper designation is physically inactive
What is decondition vs detraining?
- Deconditioning
- Reduction or cessation in exercise and increases in physical inactivity that results in partial or complete
reversal of physiological adaptations to activity - Common causes
- Reduced physical activity, bed rest, casting, paralysis, and
aging
- Reduced physical activity, bed rest, casting, paralysis, and
- Reduction or cessation in exercise and increases in physical inactivity that results in partial or complete
- Detraining
- Process by which adaptations to exercise are gradually lost or reduced
- Specific to exercise; thus, it is the form of deconditioning most relatable to inactivity.
- Linked to numerous comorbidities and poor health outcomes
What is the prevalence of inactivity by age groups and percentages?
- Self-reported survey data suggests 45%–75% of U.S. adults are physically inactive.
- Accelerometer data suggests:
- Fifty-eight percent of youth (6–11 yr) are physically
inactive. - Ninety percent of adolescents (12–19 yr) are physically
inactive. - Ninety-five percent of adults (>20 yr) are physically
inactive.
- Fifty-eight percent of youth (6–11 yr) are physically
What is exercise as medicines initiative and who are the primary stakeholders?
A global initiative to decrease population levels of inactivity
Primary stakeholders include the following:
* Health care providers, exercise professionals, and
community resources
What is sedentary physiology and what does it try to identify?
Sedentary physiology (inactivity physiology)
* Study of the body’s responses to short-term and longterm sedentary behavior
* Focus on identifying mechanisms that are distinct from the
biological basis of exercising
Sedentary behavior and exercise can be viewed as regions along a continuous scale of ____ values.
* Known as the ____ ____
Sedentary behavior and exercise can be viewed as regions along a continuous scale of MET values.
* Known as the movement continuum
Sedentary behavior and overall mortality meta-analysis finding and effect on older adults?
Percentages?
- Numerous studies have displayed a link between sedentary
behavior and mortality. - Meta-analysis of 18 studies determined that sedentary behavior
was associated with a 49% increase in all-cause mortality. - Effect is especially pronounced in older adults (144% ↑)
Sedentary behavior and cardiovascular disease in terms of screen time?
- London bus drivers study
- Recent meta-analyses have shown the link between screen
time and CVD. - One suggested that CVD risk increased by 17% with each 2-hour
increase in screen time per day. - In terms of cardiovascular health, it is not yet known whether
standing confers more benefit than sitting.
Long-term weight gain associated with obesity occurs when ____ ____ ____ exceeds ____ ____ ____ (____).
Long-term weight gain associated with obesity occurs when caloric food intake exceeds total energy expenditure (TEE).
TEE = ?
Sum of basal metabolic rate, thermic effect of food, and activity thermogenesis
Activity thermogenesis can be divided into ____ ____ ____ (____) and ____ ____ ____ ____ (____).
Describe how energy expenditure is related to each of these categories?
Activity thermogenesis can be divided into exercise activity thermogenesis (EAT) and nonexercise activity
thermogenesis (NEAT).
- NEAT typically accounts for more TEE than EAT.
- NEAT includes active transport, work-related activity,
nonexercise leisure activity, and/or activities of daily living. - Benefits to TEE can be achieved by converting sedentary time
to activity time, including both NEAT and EAT.
Sedentary behavior and childhood obesity and screen time?
- 47% increase in odds of developing obesity among youth and adolescents who watch high compared to low
amounts of TV - 13% increase in risk per hour of TV watched per day
Sedentary behavior and diabetes/metabolic disease? Additional dieses that result?
- Sedentary behavior is linked to lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in skeletal muscle, which can lead to higher plasma glucose levels.
- Sedentary behavior has also been shown to have a strong link to an increased risk of developing all forms
of cancer, decreased bone mineral density, and/or decreased physical function in older adults.
Sedentary behavior goals and guidelines?
- Sedentary behavior reduction should be seen as a complement to, without becoming a replacement
for, setting exercise goals. - Reductions in sedentary behavior may be a more accomplishable proximal goal.
- Especially for individuals not meeting the prescribed
levels of physical activity
- Especially for individuals not meeting the prescribed
- No standardized protocols for reducing sedentary behavior exist.
- Some organizations and national governments have
adopted general guidelines related to sedentary behavior.
- Some organizations and national governments have
- Randomized crossover study looking at the effect of intermittent resistance activity on post-prandial plasma glucose, insulin, and triglycerides
- Subjects consumed a standardized meal and then sat for 4 hours or took activity breaks (3 min every 30 minutes)
- 3 x 20 s of chair squats, calf raises, standing knee raise w/ straight leg hip
extension - Key findings:
- Regular activity breaks reduced glucose by ____% and insulin response by ____%
- Clinically meaningful reductions seen across all ____
- Randomized crossover study looking at the effect of intermittent resistance activity
on post-prandial plasma glucose, insulin, and triglycerides - Subjects consumed a standardized meal and then sat for 4 hours or took activity
breaks (3 min every 30 minutes) - 3 x 20 s of chair squats, calf raises, standing knee raise w/ straight leg hip
extension - Key findings:
- Regular activity breaks reduced glucose by 32% and insulin response by 26%
- Clinically meaningful reductions seen across all BMIs
Inactivity has been associated with numerous ____ ____ ____ and increased ____ rates.
Inactivity has been associated with numerous poor health outcomes and increased mortality rates.
Evidence suggests most American adults are not meeting the recommended ____ recommendations and could benefit from decreasing ____ ____.
Evidence suggests most American adults are not meeting the recommended activity recommendations and could benefit from decreasing sedentary time.
There are no specific guidelines suggesting what amount of____ ____ is acceptable.
There are no specific guidelines suggesting what amount of sedentary behavior is acceptable.
Current research does suggest both reducing total ____ ____ and breaking up long periods of ____ ____ could lead to improved ____ and reduced ____risk.
Current research does suggest both reducing total sedentary time and breaking up long periods of
sedentary behavior could lead to improved function and reduced disease risk.
