Chapter 2 Flashcards
What is respondent behaviour?
Requires no learning
Describe the pieces of a reflex and give an example
Stimulus-Response (i.e. pupil dilation to light)
What is operant behaviour?
Behaviour whose future frequency is determined by the history of consequences (learned)
What is operant conditioning?
The process of operant learning based on consequences.
Describe the pieces of the 3-term contingency.
Antecedent - Behaviour - Consequence
What is a discriminated operant?
A behaviour that occurs more frequently under some antecedent conditions than others.
What is stimulus control?
When a discriminated operant occurs at a higher frequency in the presence of a given stimulus (than in it’s absence)
What is a discriminative stimulus (SD)?
A stimulus in the presence of which certain responses are reinforced and in its absence why the same response is not reinforced. Influenced by the differential reinforcement which increases the momentary frequency of the behaviour.
What is stimulus delta?
a stimulus in the presence of which a given behaviour has not produced reinforcement in the past.
Describe automaticity of reinforcement.
behaviour is modified by its consequences regardless of whether the individual is aware that she is being reinforced.
What is behaviour?
Activity of living organisms
What is a response?
a specific instance of behaviour
Response topography
the physical shape or form of the behaviour
Response class
a group of responses of varying topography all of which produce the same effect on the environment
repetoire
all of the behaviours that an individual can do
environment
the physical setting and circumstances in which the organism exists
stimulus class
a group of stimuli that share specified common elements along formal, temporal and or functional dimensions
How are stimulus events described?
Formally - physical features
Temporally - when they occur
Functionally - their effects on behaviour
What is a consequence?
A stimulus change that follows a behaviour of interest.
What is an antecedent?
A stimulus change that occurs prior to the behaviour of interest.
What is an unconditioned reflex?
the unconditioned stimulus (i.e. food) and the respondent behaviour it elicits (i.e. salivation)
How are conditioned reflexes formed?
Product of respondent conditioning whereby a stimulus-stimulus pairing (neutral stimulus is presented with an unconditioned stimulus until the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response)
What is respondent extinction?
When a conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus until the conditioned stimulus no longer elicits the conditioned response
What is positive reinforcement?
When the behaviour of interest is followed immediately by a the presentation of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behaviour
What is negative reinforcement?
When the behaviour of interest is followed immediately by the removal of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behaviour. (i.e. Steph says “It’s too loud I want to leave”) and staff remove her from the loud setting increases the future frequency of her using her words in the same situation.
What is extinction?
Withholding all reinforcement for a previously reinforced behaviour which leads to a decrease in response frequency
What is positive punishment?
When the behaviour of interest is immediately followed by the presentation of a stimulus that decreases the future frequency of the behaviour.
What is negative punishment?
When the behaviour of interest is immediately followed by the withdrawal of a stimulus that decreases the future frequency of the behaviour.
What do motivating operations do?
Alter the current value of the stimulus changes as reinforcement or punishment.
