Chapter 2

Question 1

What is respondent behaviour?

Answer 1

Requires no learning

Question 2

Describe the pieces of a reflex and give an example

Answer 2

Stimulus-Response (i.e. pupil dilation to light)

Question 3

What is operant behaviour?

Answer 3

Behaviour whose future frequency is determined by the history of consequences (learned)

Question 4

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 4

The process of operant learning based on consequences.

Question 5

Describe the pieces of the 3-term contingency.

Answer 5

Antecedent - Behaviour - Consequence

Question 6

What is a discriminated operant?

Answer 6

A behaviour that occurs more frequently under some antecedent conditions than others.

Question 7

What is stimulus control?

Answer 7

When a discriminated operant occurs at a higher frequency in the presence of a given stimulus (than in it’s absence)

Question 8

What is a discriminative stimulus (SD)?

Answer 8

A stimulus in the presence of which certain responses are reinforced and in its absence why the same response is not reinforced. Influenced by the differential reinforcement which increases the momentary frequency of the behaviour.

Question 9

What is stimulus delta?

Answer 9

a stimulus in the presence of which a given behaviour has not produced reinforcement in the past.

Question 10

Describe automaticity of reinforcement.

Answer 10

behaviour is modified by its consequences regardless of whether the individual is aware that she is being reinforced.

Question 11

What is behaviour?

Answer 11

Activity of living organisms

Question 12

What is a response?

Answer 12

a specific instance of behaviour

Question 13

Response topography

Answer 13

the physical shape or form of the behaviour

Question 14

Response class

Answer 14

a group of responses of varying topography all of which produce the same effect on the environment

Question 15

repetoire

Answer 15

all of the behaviours that an individual can do

Question 16

environment

Answer 16

the physical setting and circumstances in which the organism exists

Question 17

stimulus class

Answer 17

a group of stimuli that share specified common elements along formal, temporal and or functional dimensions

Question 18

How are stimulus events described?

Answer 18

Formally - physical features
Temporally - when they occur
Functionally - their effects on behaviour

Question 19

What is a consequence?

Answer 19

A stimulus change that follows a behaviour of interest.

Question 20

What is an antecedent?

Answer 20

A stimulus change that occurs prior to the behaviour of interest.

Question 21

What is an unconditioned reflex?

Answer 21

the unconditioned stimulus (i.e. food) and the respondent behaviour it elicits (i.e. salivation)

Question 22

How are conditioned reflexes formed?

Answer 22

Product of respondent conditioning whereby a stimulus-stimulus pairing (neutral stimulus is presented with an unconditioned stimulus until the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response)

Question 23

What is respondent extinction?

Answer 23

When a conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus until the conditioned stimulus no longer elicits the conditioned response

Question 24

What is positive reinforcement?

Answer 24

When the behaviour of interest is followed immediately by a the presentation of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behaviour

Question 25

What is negative reinforcement?

Answer 25

When the behaviour of interest is followed immediately by the removal of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behaviour. (i.e. Steph says “It’s too loud I want to leave”) and staff remove her from the loud setting increases the future frequency of her using her words in the same situation.

Question 26

What is extinction?

Answer 26

Withholding all reinforcement for a previously reinforced behaviour which leads to a decrease in response frequency

Question 27

What is positive punishment?

Answer 27

When the behaviour of interest is immediately followed by the presentation of a stimulus that decreases the future frequency of the behaviour.

Question 28

What is negative punishment?

Answer 28

When the behaviour of interest is immediately followed by the withdrawal of a stimulus that decreases the future frequency of the behaviour.

Question 29

What do motivating operations do?

Answer 29

Alter the current value of the stimulus changes as reinforcement or punishment.