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Biology sac 1 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Protein

A

Bio-macromolecule made of amino acid chains folded into 3D shape

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2
Q

polypeptide:

A

Long chain of amino acids.Protein can be made up of one or many polypeptides

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3
Q

Proteome

A

All the proteins that are expresed by a cell or organism at one given time

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4
Q

Enzyme

A

Organic molecule(typically protein) that catalyses reactions.

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5
Q

Peptide hormone

A

Protein signalling molecule

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6
Q

Antibody

A

protein produced by plasma cells during adaptive immune response

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7
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Repels and insoluble to water

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8
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Tendency to be attracted to and dissolve in water

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9
Q

Monomer

A

building blocks of polymers

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10
Q

Polymer

A

large molecule made up of monomers

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11
Q

Condensation reaction

A

reaction where 2 monomers join to form a larger molecule,producing water

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12
Q

Peptide bond

A

Bond that keeps amino acids together.

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13
Q

Primary structure

A

refers to the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

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14
Q

Secondary structure

A

formation of alpha helixs, b-plated sheets and random coils

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15
Q

Tertiary structure:

A

Refers to the functional 3d shape of a polypeptide chain

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16
Q

Quaternitry structure:

A

:2 or more polypeptide chains

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17
Q

Nucleic acid:

A

Macramolecules (DNA and RNA),polymer made up of nucleotides

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18
Q

Nucleotide

A

monomer,makes up a nucleic acid

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19
Q

Messenger RNA-

A

:Carry genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosome

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20
Q

Transport RNA

A

RNA that recognises specific codons on the mRNA strand and adds the corresponding amino acid to the polypeptide chain, during translation.

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21
Q

Ribosomal RNA

A

RNA that is a key structural component of ribosomes, assembling proteins

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22
Q

Transcription

A

Sequence of DNA is used as a template to create complementary sequence of mRNA

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23
Q

Translation

A

mRNA sequence is read to produce a corresponding amino acid sequence to build a polypeptide chain

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24
Q

Triplet

A

sequence of 3 nucleotide in DNA that forms a amino acid

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25
Q

Codon

A

Sequence of 3 nucleotides in m-RNA that forms an amino acid

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26
Q

Start codon

A

(AUG)

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27
Q

Stop codons

A

(UAA,UGA,UAG)

28
Q

Universal

A

All living organisms use the same codons to code for amino acids

29
Q

Degenerate

A

1 amino acid can be coded for by many different codons

30
Q

Unambiguous

A

Only 1 codon can code for 1 amino acid

31
Q

Non-overlapping

A

each codon must be read individually

32
Q

Regulatory genes

A

genes that produced proteins that have the ability to oppress or activate a gene

33
Q

Structural genes

A

genes that are responsible for producing proteins that are involved in the structure or function of a cell

34
Q

Promoter

A

region to which RNA polymerase binds in transcription

35
Q

RNA polymerase

A

Enzyme responsible for constructing a pre-mRNA sequence from a dna sequence during transcription

36
Q

Enzyme

A

helps catalyze a reaction

37
Q

TATA box

A

a type of promoter region

38
Q

Introns (only in eukaryotes):

A

non-coding regions

39
Q

Exons:

A

regions of gene that code

40
Q

Operator (prokaryotes):

A

where the repressor binds, alters transcription

41
Q

Repressor protein

A

Protein coded for by regulatory protein, that prevents gene expression

42
Q

Gene expression

A

process of reading information stored within a gene to create a functional protein

43
Q

Leader region

A

segment on DNA or RNA that immediately proceeds the coding regio

44
Q

Transcription factor

A

proteins that bind to promoter region and control the functioning of RNA polymerase

45
Q

Alternative splicing

A

:Process where different exons may be spliced,resulting in a single gene producing multiple different mRNA strands

46
Q

Anticodon

A
  • sequence of three nucleotides on tRNA molecule (translation)
47
Q

Exocytosis

A

type of bulk transport that moves large substances out of a cell

48
Q

Trp operon

A

found within bacteria codes for tryptophan

49
Q

Trp operon repression:

A

where repressor proteins bind to operon and stop the transcription of the tryptophan protein

50
Q

Conformational change

A

A change of shape in the 3 dimensial shape of protein

51
Q

Attenuator region:

A

part of the leader region within the trp operon that allows for attenuation

52
Q

ribosome

A

site of protein synthesis

53
Q

vesicle

A

a small fluid-field organelle enclosed in in a phospholipid membrane that transports substances around the cell

54
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

folds and transports proteins

55
Q

Transport vesicle

A

transports proteins

56
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

modifies and packages proteins

57
Q

Secretory vesicle

A

transports proteins

58
Q

Substrate

A

reactant of a reaction catalyzed by an enzyme

59
Q

Reactant

A

molecule that undergoes a transformation into a product.When enzymes are involved the reactant is called the substrate

60
Q

Active site

A

site on enzyme that the substrate binds to

61
Q

Reversible inhibition

A

enzyme inhibition that involves weaker bonds that can be overcome

62
Q

Irreversible inhibition

A

enzyme inhibition that cannot be brocken

63
Q

Biochemical pathway:

A

a series of enzyme-catalysed biochemical reactions in which the product of one reaction becomes the substrate of the next reaction

64
Q

cofactor

A

any organic or inorganic molecule that assists enzyme function

65
Q

ATP

A

Adenine triphosphate, a high energy molecule, provides energy for cellular processes

Biology sac 1 (9 decks)

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