Chapter 2 Flashcards
Who created the Atomic Theory of Matter
John Dalton
What does the Atomic Theory of Matter state?
Elements are composed of extremely small particles called atoms
are atoms created/destroyed in a chemical reaction?
No atoms are created or destroyed or broken apart, but are rearranged to produce new compounds
true or false, atoms of one element are the same as atoms from another element
false
true or false, all atoms of a given element are identical, having the same size, mass, and chemical properties
true
atoms contain… and are…
atoms contain negatively charged electrons and are neutral
Alpha rays
positively charged, heavy
Beta rays
negatively charged, light
Gamma rays
no charge, very high energy waves
Who created the planetary model?
Ernest Rutherford
The Planetary Model highlights…
- positive charge is concentrated in the nucleus
- nucleus accounts for most of an atoms mass
- typical nucleus has a radius of about 5x10^-3 pm
mass number (top)
of protons + neutrons
atomic number (bottom)
of protons
1 amu =
1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom
periodic table - horizontal rows
periods
periodic table - vertical columns
groups/families
molecule
a combination of at least 2 atoms held together by chemical bonds
diatomic molecules
contain two atoms and may either be hereronuclear or homonuclear
polyatomic molecules
contain more than two atoms
chemical formula denotes…
the composition of a substance
molecular formula denotes…
the exact number of atoms of each element in a molecule
structural formula shows…
the elemental composition and the general arrangements
naming molecular compounds
name the first element, then name the second and change its ending to -ide
ex. HCl = hydrogen chloride
what did Ernest Rutherford do?
used alpha ray particles to study the atoms in gold foil
protons
positively charged particles in the nucleus
neutrons
electronically neutral particles in the nucleus
electrons
negatively charged, distributed around the nucleus
atomic weight on the periodic table…
represents the average mass of the naturally occurring mixture of isotopes
Acid
a substance that produced hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water
organic compounds
contain carbon and hydrogen, sometimes in combination with other atoms
hydrocarbons
contain only carbon and hydrogen
molecular formulas
the exact number of each type of element in a compound
empirical formulas
the simplest ratio of elements in a compound
atomic ion/monatomic ion
consists of just one atoms with a positive or negative charge
cations
formed by the loss of one or more electrons from an atom
cation charge?
positive
Anions
formed by the gain of one or more electrons to an atom
anion charge?
negative
monatomic anion naming
named by changing the ending of the element’s name to -ide
Ex. Cl is chloride
Fe2+
ferrous ion
Fe3+
ferric ion
polyatomic ions
consist of a combination of two or more atoms
formulas for ionic compounds are generally…
empirical formulas
ionic compounds are…
electronically neutral
the sum of the charges on the cation and anion in each formula must be…
zero
naming ionic compounds
name the cation, omit. word ion. use Roman numeral if the cation can have more than one charge; name the anion, omit the word ion
oxoanions
polyatomic anions that contain one or more oxygen atoms and one atom of another element
the ion with one more O atom than the -ate ion is called…
Per…ate anion
Ex. ClO3 is chlorate, ClO4 is perchlorate
the ion with one less O atom than the -ate anion is called the…
-ite ion
Ex. ClO2 is chlorite
The ion with two fewer O atoms than the -ate ion is called…
hypo…ite ion
Ex. (ClO- is hypochlorite)
Oxoacids are acids that contain…
oxoanions
an acid based on the -ate ion is called…
-ic acid
Ex. HClO3 is chloric acid
an acid based on the -ite ion is called…
-ous acid
Ex. HClO2 is chlorous acid
true or false, prefixes in the oxyanion names are retained in the name of the acid.
True
Ex. CHlO is hypochlorous acid
Hydrates
compounds with a specific number of water molecules within their solid structure
