Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Branching diagram in which 3 or more taxa arise from single hypothetical ancestor
Arise from incomplete or missing data

A

Polytomy

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2
Q

The hybridization of 2 previously divergent taxa forming a new lineage

Should always be treated as a possibility

A

Reticulation

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3
Q

Common ancestor plus all descendants of that ancestor

A

Monophyletic group

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4
Q

2 descendant lineages or clades from a single common ancestor

A

Sister groups

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5
Q

Includes common ancestor and some but not all known descendants of that ancestor

A

Paraphyletic group

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6
Q

Contains 2 or more common ancestors

A

Polyphyletic group

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7
Q

How is monophyly ascertained?

A

By recognition of one or more unique, shared derived character states that argue for most recent common ancestry of all members of taxon in question

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8
Q

Cladogram derived by combining the features in common between 2 or more cladograms

A

Consensus tree

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9
Q

Collapses differences in branching pattern between 2 or more cladograms to a polytomy

A

Strict consensus tree

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10
Q

Only those clades that occur in 50% or more of a given set of trees are retained

A

50% majority tree

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11
Q

With molecular sequence data, one or more taxa will have a large # of automorphies relative to other taxa in the analysis

A

Long branch attraction

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12
Q

Grouping taxa in which polarity is not indicated

A

Unrooted trees

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13
Q

Evaluates alternative trees but considers the probability, based on some selected model of evolution that each tree explains the data

Mostly for molecular sequence data

Helps prevent long branch attraction

A

Maximum likelihood

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14
Q

Change from one base to another is equivalent to the reverse

A

GTR general time- reversible model

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15
Q

Based on calculations using posterior probability

Yield the posterior probabilities for each of the branches of a given tree

Rapid

Similar to maximum likelihood

A

Bayesian inference

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16
Q

Measure of relative amount of homoplasy in cladogram

Close to 1 indicates little to no homoplasy

0 indicates considerable homoplasy

A

CI - Consistency index

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17
Q

CI + RI

A

RCI RESCALED CONSISTENCY INDEX

18
Q

Reanalyzes the data of the original character x taxon matrix by selecting characters at random, such that a given character can be selected more than once

Can give more weight to some characters but total # is the same as original matrix

19
Q

Similar to bootstrap but differs in that each randomly selected character may only be resample once and the resultant resample data matrix is smaller than the original

20
Q

Measure of how many extra steps are needed (beyond the # in most parsimonious cladograms before the original clade is no longer retained

A

Clade decay

21
Q

Provides meadure of robustness in calculating posterior probabilities of 95% or greater is statistically well-supported

A

Bayesian analysis

22
Q

Devised by naming and ordering monophyletic groups in a sequential, hierarchical classification

A

Indented method

23
Q

Sequential listing of derivative lineages from the base to the apex of the cladogram, each derivative lineage receiving the same hierarchical rank

A

Annotation method

24
Q

Recognizes common ancestor as the basis if the cladogram and all descendants of that common ancestor as the basis for grouping

A

Node-based

25
Internode plus all descendants of that stem
Stem-based
26
All members of a monophyletic group that share a given, unique evolutionary event are grouped together
Apomorphy-based
27
Grouped by overall similarity, represented in the form of a branching diagram called phonogram Grouped by ancestral and shared derived traits
Phenetic classification
28
Ancestral features
Symplesiomorphies
29
Derived character states
Synapomorphies
30
Characters representation (plotting) on a cladogram in the most parsimonious way, such that the minimal # of character state changes occur between nodes Minimizes tree length
Parsimony optimization
31
Optimization hypothesis an earlier initial state change w/ a later reversal of the same character
Acctran accelerated transformation
32
Optimization hypothesizes two later, convergent state changes
Deltran delayed transformation
33
Emphasizes determining the character condition at each ancestral node rather than changes between nodes
Ancestral state reconstruction
34
Movement of an organism or propalogue from one region to another, such as the transport of a seed or fruit by wind, bird, water from a continent to an island
Dispersal
35
Splitting of one population into two or more
Vicariance
36
Mature structures end
Ontogeny
37
Evolutionary change in the rate or timing of development
Heterochrony
38
Derived type of heterochrony in which ontogeny passes through and goes beyond the stages trajectory of the ancestral condition
Peramorphosis
39
Type of heterochrony in which the mature or adult stage of the derived ontogenetic sequence resembles a juvenile ontogenetic stage if the ancestral condition
Paedomorphosis
40
Type of paedomorphosis that is caused by a decrease in the rate of development of a structure
Neotony