Chapter 2

Question 1

Branching diagram in which 3 or more taxa arise from single hypothetical ancestor
Arise from incomplete or missing data

Answer 1

Polytomy

Question 2

The hybridization of 2 previously divergent taxa forming a new lineage

Should always be treated as a possibility

Answer 2

Reticulation

Question 3

Common ancestor plus all descendants of that ancestor

Answer 3

Monophyletic group

Question 4

2 descendant lineages or clades from a single common ancestor

Answer 4

Sister groups

Question 5

Includes common ancestor and some but not all known descendants of that ancestor

Answer 5

Paraphyletic group

Question 6

Contains 2 or more common ancestors

Answer 6

Polyphyletic group

Question 7

How is monophyly ascertained?

Answer 7

By recognition of one or more unique, shared derived character states that argue for most recent common ancestry of all members of taxon in question

Question 8

Cladogram derived by combining the features in common between 2 or more cladograms

Answer 8

Consensus tree

Question 9

Collapses differences in branching pattern between 2 or more cladograms to a polytomy

Answer 9

Strict consensus tree

Question 10

Only those clades that occur in 50% or more of a given set of trees are retained

Answer 10

50% majority tree

Question 11

With molecular sequence data, one or more taxa will have a large # of automorphies relative to other taxa in the analysis

Answer 11

Long branch attraction

Question 12

Grouping taxa in which polarity is not indicated

Answer 12

Unrooted trees

Question 13

Evaluates alternative trees but considers the probability, based on some selected model of evolution that each tree explains the data

Mostly for molecular sequence data

Helps prevent long branch attraction

Answer 13

Maximum likelihood

Question 14

Change from one base to another is equivalent to the reverse

Answer 14

GTR general time- reversible model

Question 15

Based on calculations using posterior probability

Yield the posterior probabilities for each of the branches of a given tree

Rapid

Similar to maximum likelihood

Answer 15

Bayesian inference

Question 16

Measure of relative amount of homoplasy in cladogram

Close to 1 indicates little to no homoplasy

0 indicates considerable homoplasy

Answer 16

CI - Consistency index

Question 17

CI + RI

Answer 17

RCI RESCALED CONSISTENCY INDEX

Question 18

Reanalyzes the data of the original character x taxon matrix by selecting characters at random, such that a given character can be selected more than once

Can give more weight to some characters but total # is the same as original matrix

Answer 18

Bootstrap

Question 19

Similar to bootstrap but differs in that each randomly selected character may only be resample once and the resultant resample data matrix is smaller than the original

Answer 19

Jackknife

Question 20

Measure of how many extra steps are needed (beyond the # in most parsimonious cladograms before the original clade is no longer retained

Answer 20

Clade decay

Question 21

Provides meadure of robustness in calculating posterior probabilities of 95% or greater is statistically well-supported

Answer 21

Bayesian analysis

Question 22

Devised by naming and ordering monophyletic groups in a sequential, hierarchical classification

Answer 22

Indented method

Question 23

Sequential listing of derivative lineages from the base to the apex of the cladogram, each derivative lineage receiving the same hierarchical rank

Answer 23

Annotation method

Question 24

Recognizes common ancestor as the basis if the cladogram and all descendants of that common ancestor as the basis for grouping

Answer 24

Node-based

Question 25

Internode plus all descendants of that stem

Answer 25

Stem-based

Question 26

All members of a monophyletic group that share a given, unique evolutionary event are grouped together

Answer 26

Apomorphy-based

Question 27

Grouped by overall similarity, represented in the form of a branching diagram called phonogram

Grouped by ancestral and shared derived traits

Answer 27

Phenetic classification

Question 28

Ancestral features

Answer 28

Symplesiomorphies

Question 29

Derived character states

Answer 29

Synapomorphies

Question 30

Characters representation (plotting) on a cladogram in the most parsimonious way, such that the minimal # of character state changes occur between nodes

Minimizes tree length

Answer 30

Parsimony optimization

Question 31

Optimization hypothesis an earlier initial state change w/ a later reversal of the same character

Answer 31

Acctran accelerated transformation

Question 32

Optimization hypothesizes two later, convergent state changes

Answer 32

Deltran delayed transformation

Question 33

Emphasizes determining the character condition at each ancestral node rather than changes between nodes

Answer 33

Ancestral state reconstruction

Question 34

Movement of an organism or propalogue from one region to another, such as the transport of a seed or fruit by wind, bird, water from a continent to an island

Answer 34

Dispersal

Question 35

Splitting of one population into two or more

Answer 35

Vicariance

Question 36

Mature structures end

Answer 36

Ontogeny

Question 37

Evolutionary change in the rate or timing of development

Answer 37

Heterochrony

Question 38

Derived type of heterochrony in which ontogeny passes through and goes beyond the stages trajectory of the ancestral condition

Answer 38

Peramorphosis

Question 39

Type of heterochrony in which the mature or adult stage of the derived ontogenetic sequence resembles a juvenile ontogenetic stage if the ancestral condition

Answer 39

Paedomorphosis

Question 40

Type of paedomorphosis that is caused by a decrease in the rate of development of a structure

Answer 40

Neotony